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Selecting)72 426.6 R 2.5(as)2.5 G (ection type)-2.5 E 2.5(2.2.1. Specifying)72 450.6 R 2.5(as)2.5 G (ection)-2.5 E F1(This is done via use of the section ar)72 466.8 Q (gument to man)-.18 E .4 LW 97 475.5 97 485.5 DL(man 1 e)98.666 483 Q (xit)-.15 E 142.402 475.5 142.402 485.5 DL 102 475.5 97 475.5 DL 102.402 475.5 97.402 475.5 DL 107.402 475.5 102.402 475.5 DL 112.402 475.5 107.402 475.5 DL 117.402 475.5 112.402 475.5 DL 122.402 475.5 117.402 475.5 DL 127.402 475.5 122.402 475.5 DL 132.402 475.5 127.402 475.5 DL 137.402 475.5 132.402 475.5 DL 142.402 475.5 137.402 475.5 DL 102 485.5 97 485.5 DL 102.402 485.5 97.402 485.5 DL 107.402 485.5 102.402 485.5 DL 112.402 485.5 107.402 485.5 DL 117.402 485.5 112.402 485.5 DL 122.402 485.5 117.402 485.5 DL 127.402 485.5 122.402 485.5 DL 132.402 485.5 127.402 485.5 DL 137.402 485.5 132.402 485.5 DL 142.402 485.5 137.402 485.5 DL 1.921(will look for)72 499.2 R F2 -.2(ex)4.421 G(it.1*).2 E F1 1.921(in section)4.421 F F0(1)4.421 E F1 1.921(of the manual.)4.421 F (If)6.921 E F2 -.2(ex)4.42 G(it.1).2 E F1 -.15(ex)4.42 G 1.92 (ists, it will be displayed in preference to).15 F F2 -.2(ex)72 511.2 S (it.1foo).2 E 97 519.9 97 529.9 DL F1(man 1foo e)98.666 527.4 Q(xit)-.15 E 155.732 519.9 155.732 529.9 DL 102 519.9 97 519.9 DL 105.732 519.9 100.732 519.9 DL 110.732 519.9 105.732 519.9 DL 115.732 519.9 110.732 519.9 DL 120.732 519.9 115.732 519.9 DL 125.732 519.9 120.732 519.9 DL 130.732 519.9 125.732 519.9 DL 135.732 519.9 130.732 519.9 DL 140.732 519.9 135.732 519.9 DL 145.732 519.9 140.732 519.9 DL 150.732 519.9 145.732 519.9 DL 155.732 519.9 150.732 519.9 DL 102 529.9 97 529.9 DL 105.732 529.9 100.732 529.9 DL 110.732 529.9 105.732 529.9 DL 115.732 529.9 110.732 529.9 DL 120.732 529.9 115.732 529.9 DL 125.732 529.9 120.732 529.9 DL 130.732 529.9 125.732 529.9 DL 135.732 529.9 130.732 529.9 DL 140.732 529.9 135.732 529.9 DL 145.732 529.9 140.732 529.9 DL 150.732 529.9 145.732 529.9 DL 155.732 529.9 150.732 529.9 DL .771 (will look for)72 543.6 R F2 -.2(ex)3.271 G(it.1foo*).2 E F1 .771 (in section)3.271 F F0(1)3.271 E F1 .771(of the manual.)3.271 F .771 (The asterisk \(*\) represents a wild-card of an)5.771 F 3.271(yt)-.15 G .772(ype or)-3.271 F(length, including length zero.)72 555.6 Q -.15(Fo) 72 571.8 S 3.392(ra).15 G 3.392(na)-3.392 G -.18(rg)-3.392 G .892(ument\ to be interpreted as a section name rather than a page name, it must e\ ither be).18 F .892(gin with a)-.15 F .019 (digit, or be included in the standard section list.)72 583.8 R .019 (The def)5.019 F .02(ault section list is de\214ned in)-.1 F F2 (include/mancon\214g)2.52 E(.h)-.15 E F1(to)2.52 E(be)72 595.8 Q F0(1) 2.982 E F1(,)A F0(n)2.982 E F1(,)A F0(l)2.982 E F1(,)A F0(8)2.982 E F1 (,)A F0(3)2.982 E F1(,)A F0(2)2.981 E F1(,)A F0(5)2.981 E F1(,)A F0(4) 2.981 E F1(,)A F0(9)2.981 E F1(,)A F0(6)2.981 E F1(and)2.981 E F0(7) 2.981 E F1 5.481(.T)C .481 (his should be modi\214ed in order and content to meet the local con) -5.481 F -.15(ve)-.4 G(n-).15 E 2.5(tions. It)72 607.8 R (may be altered at run-time using the)2.5 E F0(SECTION)2.5 E F1(directi) 2.5 E .3 -.15(ve i)-.25 H 2.5(nt).15 G (he man\255db con\214guration \214le.)-2.5 E(Ev)72 624 Q .978(ery subdi\ rectory section name in the entire system must be in the list, includin\ g sections found in im-)-.15 F .104(ported manual page hierarchies.)72 636 R .104(It is not necessary to list sections with e)5.104 F .103 (xtensions unless a special ordering)-.15 F .328(for those e)72 648 R .328(xtensions is desired.)-.15 F .328 (The order is important because in normal operation,)5.328 F F0(man) 2.828 E F1 .329(will only display)2.828 F .307(the \214rst manual page \ it \214nds that meets the search criteria. Using the)72 660 R F0 <adad616c6c>2.807 E F1(ar)2.807 E .307(gument will cause)-.18 F F0(man) 2.806 E F1 .306(to at-)2.806 F (tempt to display all manual pages that meet the criteria. See)72 672 Q F0(man)2.5 E F1(\(1\) for further information.)A(Ha)72 688.2 Q (ving an e)-.2 E(xcess of sections listed will not slo)-.15 E(w)-.25 E F0(man)2.5 E F1(do)2.5 E(wn.)-.25 E F0(5)285.5 756 Q 0 Cg EP %%Page: 6 8 %%BeginPageSetup BP %%EndPageSetup /F0 10/Times-Bold@0 SF 165.29(man\255db v2.9.3)72 60 R -.15(Ju)150.59 G (ne 9, 2025).15 E 2.5(2.2.2. Specifying)72 96 R(an extension)2.5 E/F1 10 /Times-Roman@0 SF(If the section is unkno)72 112.2 Q(wn, b)-.25 E (ut the package e)-.2 E(xtension is, it is possible to use the e)-.15 E (xtension ar)-.15 E(gument)-.18 E .4 LW 97 120.9 97 130.9 DL (man \255e foo e)98.666 128.4 Q(xit)-.15 E 163.312 120.9 163.312 130.9 DL 102 120.9 97 120.9 DL 103.312 120.9 98.312 120.9 DL 108.312 120.9 103.312 120.9 DL 113.312 120.9 108.312 120.9 DL 118.312 120.9 113.312 120.9 DL 123.312 120.9 118.312 120.9 DL 128.312 120.9 123.312 120.9 DL 133.312 120.9 128.312 120.9 DL 138.312 120.9 133.312 120.9 DL 143.312 120.9 138.312 120.9 DL 148.312 120.9 143.312 120.9 DL 153.312 120.9 148.312 120.9 DL 158.312 120.9 153.312 120.9 DL 163.312 120.9 158.312 120.9 DL 102 130.9 97 130.9 DL 103.312 130.9 98.312 130.9 DL 108.312 130.9 103.312 130.9 DL 113.312 130.9 108.312 130.9 DL 118.312 130.9 113.312 130.9 DL 123.312 130.9 118.312 130.9 DL 128.312 130.9 123.312 130.9 DL 133.312 130.9 128.312 130.9 DL 138.312 130.9 133.312 130.9 DL 143.312 130.9 138.312 130.9 DL 148.312 130.9 143.312 130.9 DL 153.312 130.9 148.312 130.9 DL 158.312 130.9 153.312 130.9 DL 163.312 130.9 158.312 130.9 DL(to search in all sections for manual pages named)72 144.6 Q/F2 10/Times-Italic@0 SF -.2(ex)2.5 G(it).2 E F1(from package)2.5 E F2(foo)2.5 E F1(.)A F0(6)285.5 756 Q 0 Cg EP %%Page: 7 9 %%BeginPageSetup BP %%EndPageSetup /F0 10/Times-Bold@0 SF 165.29(man\255db v2.9.3)72 60 R -.15(Ju)150.59 G (ne 9, 2025).15 E 2.5(3. Filesystem)72 96 R(structur)2.5 E(e)-.18 E 2.5 (3.1. Manual)72 120 R(page hierar)2.5 E(chies)-.18 E/F1 10/Times-Roman@0 SF .452(It is often common for manual page systems to ha)72 136.2 R .752 -.15(ve m)-.2 H .452(ore than one manual page hierarch).15 F 4.253 -.65 (y. I)-.05 H .453(ndeed one of).65 F(the systems I use has the follo)72 148.2 Q(wing globally accessible hierarchies)-.25 E/F2 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(/usr/man)97 164.4 Q(/usr/local/man)97 176.4 Q(/usr/local/te)97 188.4 Q(x/man)-.2 E(/usr/local/pbm/man)97 200.4 Q(/usr/X11R6/man)97 212.4 Q (/usr/openwin/man)97 224.4 Q(/usr/local/pac)97 236.4 Q(ka)-.2 E -.1(ge) -.1 G(s/pvm/man).1 E F1 2.804(Af)72 252.6 S .304(ull system)-2.804 F/F3 9/Times-Roman@0 SF($)2.804 E/F4 9/Times-Bold@0 SF(MANP)A -.855(AT)-.666 G(H).855 E F1 -.1(wo)2.554 G .303 (uld be a colon separated list of these directories.).1 F .303 (The order is important, and)5.303 F .726(is observ)72 264.6 R .726 (ed by man\255db')-.15 F 3.226(ss)-.55 G .726(earch algorithms.)-3.226 F .726(The order is v)5.726 F .726(ery much related to the user')-.15 F(s) -.55 E F3($)3.227 E F4 -.666(PA)C(TH)-.189 E F1(en)2.977 E(viron-)-.4 E (ment v)72 276.6 Q (ariable, and should be set on a per user basis, or not set at all.)-.25 E(If a user')5 E(s)-.55 E F3($)2.5 E F4 -.666(PA)C(TH)-.189 E F1(causes) 2.25 E F2(/usr/local/pac)97 292.8 Q(ka)-.2 E -.1(ge)-.1 G(s/bin/foobar) .1 E F1(to be e)72 309 Q -.15(xe)-.15 G(cuted in preference to).15 E F2 (/usr/bin/foobar)97 325.2 Q F1(,)A(it is essential that)72 341.4 Q .4 LW 97 350.1 97 360.1 DL(man foobar)98.666 357.6 Q 146.152 350.1 146.152 360.1 DL 102 350.1 97 350.1 DL 106.152 350.1 101.152 350.1 DL 111.152 350.1 106.152 350.1 DL 116.152 350.1 111.152 350.1 DL 121.152 350.1 116.152 350.1 DL 126.152 350.1 121.152 350.1 DL 131.152 350.1 126.152 350.1 DL 136.152 350.1 131.152 350.1 DL 141.152 350.1 136.152 350.1 DL 146.152 350.1 141.152 350.1 DL 102 360.1 97 360.1 DL 106.152 360.1 101.152 360.1 DL 111.152 360.1 106.152 360.1 DL 116.152 360.1 111.152 360.1 DL 121.152 360.1 116.152 360.1 DL 126.152 360.1 121.152 360.1 DL 131.152 360.1 126.152 360.1 DL 136.152 360.1 131.152 360.1 DL 141.152 360.1 136.152 360.1 DL 146.152 360.1 141.152 360.1 DL (displays the manual page located within)72 373.8 Q F2(/usr/local/pac)97 390 Q(ka)-.2 E -.1(ge)-.1 G(s/man).1 E F1(rather than within)72 406.2 Q F2(/usr/shar)97 422.4 Q(e/man)-.37 E F1 2.451 -.8(To e)72 438.6 T .851 (nsure correct order).8 F 3.351(,t)-.4 G .851(he program)-3.351 F F0 (manpath)3.351 E F1 .85(may be used to set the)3.351 F F3($)3.35 E F4 (MANP)A -.855(AT)-.666 G(H).855 E F1(en)3.1 E .85(vironment v)-.4 F (ariable.)-.25 E(See)72 450.6 Q F0(manpath)2.5 E F1(\(1\) and)A F0 (manpath)2.5 E F1(\(5\) for details.)A F0 2.5(3.2. Setting)72 474.6 R (the MANP)2.5 E -.95(AT)-.74 G(H).95 E F1 (If using a Bourne style login shell such as)72 490.8 Q F0(bash)2.5 E F1 (,)A F0(ksh)2.5 E F1 2.5(,o)C(r)-2.5 E F0(zsh)2.5 E F1 2.5(,t)C (he commands)-2.5 E -.15(ex)97 507 S(port MANP).15 E -1.11(AT)-.92 G(H) 1.11 E(MANP)97 519 Q -1.11(AT)-.92 G(H=`manpath \255q`)1.11 E (can be added to)72 535.2 Q F4($HOME)2.5 E F2(/.pr)A(o\214le)-.45 E F1 (If using a C style login shell such as)72 551.4 Q F0(csh)2.5 E F1(or) 2.5 E F0(tcsh)2.5 E F1 2.5(,t)C(he commands)-2.5 E(seten)97 567.6 Q 2.5 (vM)-.4 G(ANP)-2.5 E -1.11(AT)-.92 G 2.5(H`)1.11 G(manpath \255q`)-2.5 E (can be added to)72 583.8 Q F4($HOME)2.5 E F2(/.lo)A(gin)-.1 E F1(N.B.) 72 600 Q F3($)5.036 E F4 -.666(PA)C(TH)-.189 E F1 .037 (must be set prior to using)2.286 F F0(manpath)2.537 E F1 5.037(.T)C .037(he setting of)-5.037 F F3($)2.537 E F4(MANP)A -.855(AT)-.666 G(H) .855 E F1 .037(is actually unnecessary as the)2.287 F (man\255db utilities will dynamically determine the manpath if)72 612 Q F3($)2.5 E F4(MANP)A -.855(AT)-.666 G(H).855 E F1(is unset.)2.25 E F0 2.5(3.3. Determination)72 636 R(of the inter)2.5 E(nal manpath)-.15 E F1 .058(All man\255db utilities,)72 652.2 R F0(manpath)2.557 E F1 .057 (included, will use the user')2.557 F(s)-.55 E F3($)2.557 E F4(MANP)A -.855(AT)-.666 G(H).855 E F1(en)2.307 E .057(vironment v)-.4 F .057 (ariable if set and not)-.25 F .279(equal to "".)72 664.2 R .279 (Otherwise the user')5.279 F(s)-.55 E F3($)2.779 E F4 -.666(PA)C(TH) -.189 E F1(en)2.529 E .279(vironment v)-.4 F .279(ariable is queried.) -.25 F .28(If this is unset or is set to "", the)5.279 F (determined manpath will simply be an)72 676.2 Q(y)-.15 E F0(MAND)97 692.4 Q -.78 -.95(AT O)-.35 H -.35(RY).95 G(_MANP).35 E -.95(AT)-.74 G (H).95 E F1(elements de\214ned in the man\255db con\214g \214le.)72 708.6 Q F0(7)285.5 756 Q 0 Cg EP %%Page: 8 10 %%BeginPageSetup BP %%EndPageSetup /F0 10/Times-Bold@0 SF 165.29(man\255db v2.9.3)72 60 R -.15(Ju)150.59 G (ne 9, 2025).15 E/F1 10/Times-Roman@0 SF .396(Assuming that a)72 96 R/F2 9/Times-Roman@0 SF($)2.896 E/F3 9/Times-Bold@0 SF -.666(PA)C(TH)-.189 E F1 -.15(ex)2.646 G .396(ists, each path element it contains is scanned \ for in the con\214g \214le.).15 F .395(If found, the)5.395 F .541 (corresponding manpath element is appended to the internal manpath.)72 108 R(Ho)5.541 E(we)-.25 E -.15(ve)-.25 G 1.341 -.4(r, i).15 H 3.042(ft) .4 G .542(he element is not men-)-3.042 F 1.647 (tioned in the con\214g \214le, a man directory relati)72 120 R 1.946 -.15(ve t)-.25 H 4.146(oi).15 G 4.146(tw)-4.146 G 1.646(ill be sought.) -4.146 F 1.646(The subdirectories)6.646 F/F4 10/Times-Italic@0 SF (../man)4.146 E F1(,)A F4(man)4.146 E F1(,)A F4(../shar)72 132 Q(e/man) -.37 E F1 2.945(,o)C(r)-2.945 E F4(shar)2.945 E(e/man)-.37 E F1(relati) 2.945 E .745 -.15(ve t)-.25 H 2.945(ot).15 G .445 (he path component are appended to the internal manpath if the)-2.945 F 2.945(ye)-.15 G(x-)-3.095 E 3.867(ist. Finally)72 144 R 3.867(,t)-.65 G 1.366(he internal manpath is stripped of duplicate paths before being p\ rocessed by the)-3.867 F F0(NLS)3.866 E F1(and)3.866 E .511 (`Other OS' routines.)72 156 R .511 (These may add to or modify the separate path elements gi)5.511 F .511 (ving priority to)-.25 F F0(NLS)3.012 E F1(man-)3.012 E (ual pages or add OS-relati)72 168 Q .3 -.15(ve m)-.25 H(anpaths.).15 E F0 2.5(3.4. Other)72 192 R(OS')2.5 E 2.5(sm)-.37 G(anual pages)-2.5 E F1 .129(It is common to ha)72 208.2 R .428 -.15(ve c)-.2 H .128 (ollections of heterogeneous computer systems link).15 F .128 (ed together in a netw)-.1 F 2.628(ork. In)-.1 F(some)2.628 E (circumstances)72 222.2 Q/F5 7/Times-Roman@0 SF(5)-4 I F1 .013 (it is adv)2.512 4 N .013(antageous to be able to access the manual pag\ es of these other systems directly from)-.25 F .387(your system.)72 234.2 R .387(This feature is kno)5.387 F .387 (wn as alternate system support.)-.25 F .386(The accepted w)5.386 F .386 (ay to setup this support is)-.1 F .86(to NFS mount the respecti)72 246.2 R 1.161 -.15(ve s)-.25 H .861 (ystems' manual page hierarchies under the nati).15 F 1.161 -.15(ve m) -.25 H .861(anual page hierarchies.).15 F(An e)72 258.2 Q(xample:)-.15 E .4 LW 361.93 278.9 214.07 278.9 DL 13.77(System Manual)219.07 288.4 R (page hierarch)2.5 E(y)-.05 E 361.93 292.9 214.07 292.9 DL 12.5 (<local> /usr/share/man)219.07 302.4 R(ne)219.07 314.4 Q 14.03 (wOS /usr/share/man/ne)-.25 F(wOS)-.25 E 18.78 (userix /usr/share/man/userix)219.07 326.4 R 12.5 (<local> /usr/local/man)219.07 338.4 R(ne)219.07 350.4 Q 14.03 (wOS /usr/local/man/ne)-.25 F(wOS)-.25 E 18.78 (userix /usr/local/man/userix)219.07 362.4 R 361.93 366.9 214.07 366.9 DL 257.29 278.9 257.29 366.9 DL 361.93 278.9 361.93 366.9 DL 214.07 278.9 214.07 366.9 DL(Rather than ha)72 390.6 Q .3 -.15(ve m)-.2 H(ulti\ ple NFS mounts from a single machine, this may be accomplished by NFS m\ ounting).15 E F4(<other)97 406.8 Q(-sys>:/usr)-.2 E F1(some)72 423 Q .09 (where on the local system and using symbolic links within the manual h\ ierarchies.)-.25 F 1.69 -.8(To a)5.09 H .09(ccess these).8 F F4(al-)2.59 E(ternate systems)72 435 Q F1(using)2.5 E F0(man)2.5 E F1(use the)2.5 E F0<ad6d>2.5 E F1(or)2.5 E F0(\255\255systems)2.5 E F1(option, e)2.5 E (g.)-.15 E 97 443.7 97 453.7 DL (man \255\255all \255\255systems userix:ne)98.666 451.2 Q(wOS 5 passwd) -.25 E 285.132 443.7 285.132 453.7 DL 102 443.7 97 443.7 DL 105.132 443.7 100.132 443.7 DL 110.132 443.7 105.132 443.7 DL 115.132 443.7 110.132 443.7 DL 120.132 443.7 115.132 443.7 DL 125.132 443.7 120.132 443.7 DL 130.132 443.7 125.132 443.7 DL 135.132 443.7 130.132 443.7 DL 140.132 443.7 135.132 443.7 DL 145.132 443.7 140.132 443.7 DL 150.132 443.7 145.132 443.7 DL 155.132 443.7 150.132 443.7 DL 160.132 443.7 155.132 443.7 DL 165.132 443.7 160.132 443.7 DL 170.132 443.7 165.132 443.7 DL 175.132 443.7 170.132 443.7 DL 180.132 443.7 175.132 443.7 DL 185.132 443.7 180.132 443.7 DL 190.132 443.7 185.132 443.7 DL 195.132 443.7 190.132 443.7 DL 200.132 443.7 195.132 443.7 DL 205.132 443.7 200.132 443.7 DL 210.132 443.7 205.132 443.7 DL 215.132 443.7 210.132 443.7 DL 220.132 443.7 215.132 443.7 DL 225.132 443.7 220.132 443.7 DL 230.132 443.7 225.132 443.7 DL 235.132 443.7 230.132 443.7 DL 240.132 443.7 235.132 443.7 DL 245.132 443.7 240.132 443.7 DL 250.132 443.7 245.132 443.7 DL 255.132 443.7 250.132 443.7 DL 260.132 443.7 255.132 443.7 DL 265.132 443.7 260.132 443.7 DL 270.132 443.7 265.132 443.7 DL 275.132 443.7 270.132 443.7 DL 280.132 443.7 275.132 443.7 DL 285.132 443.7 280.132 443.7 DL 102 453.7 97 453.7 DL 105.132 453.7 100.132 453.7 DL 110.132 453.7 105.132 453.7 DL 115.132 453.7 110.132 453.7 DL 120.132 453.7 115.132 453.7 DL 125.132 453.7 120.132 453.7 DL 130.132 453.7 125.132 453.7 DL 135.132 453.7 130.132 453.7 DL 140.132 453.7 135.132 453.7 DL 145.132 453.7 140.132 453.7 DL 150.132 453.7 145.132 453.7 DL 155.132 453.7 150.132 453.7 DL 160.132 453.7 155.132 453.7 DL 165.132 453.7 160.132 453.7 DL 170.132 453.7 165.132 453.7 DL 175.132 453.7 170.132 453.7 DL 180.132 453.7 175.132 453.7 DL 185.132 453.7 180.132 453.7 DL 190.132 453.7 185.132 453.7 DL 195.132 453.7 190.132 453.7 DL 200.132 453.7 195.132 453.7 DL 205.132 453.7 200.132 453.7 DL 210.132 453.7 205.132 453.7 DL 215.132 453.7 210.132 453.7 DL 220.132 453.7 215.132 453.7 DL 225.132 453.7 220.132 453.7 DL 230.132 453.7 225.132 453.7 DL 235.132 453.7 230.132 453.7 DL 240.132 453.7 235.132 453.7 DL 245.132 453.7 240.132 453.7 DL 250.132 453.7 245.132 453.7 DL 255.132 453.7 250.132 453.7 DL 260.132 453.7 255.132 453.7 DL 265.132 453.7 260.132 453.7 DL 270.132 453.7 265.132 453.7 DL 275.132 453.7 270.132 453.7 DL 280.132 453.7 275.132 453.7 DL 285.132 453.7 280.132 453.7 DL -.1(wo)72 467.4 S .101(uld pro).1 F .101(vide manual pages sho)-.15 F .101(wing the structure of)-.25 F F4(/etc/passwd)2.601 E F1 .101 (on systems)2.601 F F0(userix)2.601 E F1(and)2.601 E F0(newOS)2.602 E F1 .102(in that or)2.602 F(-)-.2 E(der)72 479.4 Q 5.549(.A)-.55 G .548 (manual page w)-2.5 F(ould)-.1 E F4(not)3.048 E F1 .548 (be displayed about the local systems con)3.048 F -.15(ve)-.4 G 3.048 (ntions. Please).15 F .548(read the rele)3.048 F -.25(va)-.25 G(nt).25 E (man\255db utility')72 491.4 Q 2.5(sm)-.55 G (anual page for further and more speci\214c information.)-2.5 E F0 2.5 (3.5. NLS)72 515.4 R(manual pages)2.5 E F1 1.203(NLS manual pages shoul\ d be installed in NLS subdirectories of a standard manual page hierarch) 72 531.6 R 5.004 -.65(y. T)-.05 H(he).65 E .276 (subdirectory names should be made up of language, territory)72 543.6 R 2.776(,a)-.65 G .276(nd character set components as necessary to)-2.776 F(specify the locale of the manual page.)72 555.6 Q .417(The character \ set component describes the encoding of the manual page itself, and not\ the encoding in use)72 571.8 R .018 (by the user; a manual page installed under the)72 583.8 R F0(fr)2.518 E (.UTF-8)-1 E F1 .018(subdirectory will be used in the)2.518 F F0 (fr_FR.ISO-8859-1)2.518 E F1 .069(locale as well as)72 595.8 R F0 (fr_FR.UTF-8)2.569 E F1 2.569(,a)C .069(nd con)-2.569 F -.15(ve)-.4 G .069(rted between encodings as necessary).15 F 5.07(.I)-.65 G 2.57(fn) -5.07 G 2.57(oc)-2.57 G .07(haracter set is speci-)-2.57 F .215(\214ed \ in the subdirectory name, man\255db will attempt to detect whether each\ page is encoded using UTF-8 or)72 607.8 R 3.38(al)72 619.8 S -2.25 -.15 (eg a)-3.38 H 1.18 -.15(cy c).15 H .881 (haracter set appropriate for the language.).15 F(Accordingly)5.881 E 3.381(,t)-.65 G .881(he recommended scheme for installing)-3.381 F .253 (manual pages is to encode them in UTF-8 \(or)72 631.8 R 2.753(,i)-.4 G 2.753(ft)-2.753 G .252(hat is not practical, in the le)-2.753 F -.05(ga) -.15 G .552 -.15(cy c).05 H .252(haracter set\) and install).15 F (them in directories)72 643.8 Q F4(without)2.5 E F1 2.5(ac)2.5 G (haracter set component in their names.)-2.5 E .131(The territory shoul\ d normally be omitted unless it is necessary to describe the manual pag\ e te)72 660 R 2.632(xt. 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Cat)72 96 R(page hierar)2.5 E(chies)-.18 E/F1 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(Tr)72 112.2 S(aditionally).35 E 4.136(,c)-.65 G 1.636(at pages were stored under the same manual hierarch)-4.136 F 4.136 (ya)-.05 G 4.136(st)-4.136 G 1.636(heir source manual pages, in)-4.136 F /F2 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(cat<sec>)72 124.2 Q F1 (subdirectories rather than)2.5 E F2(man<sec>)2.5 E F1 5(.T)C (his situation is rather limiting in se)-5 E -.15(ve)-.25 G (ral situations:).15 E 5<8357>77 156.6 S .337(hen it is adv)-5 F .337 (antageous to mount)-.25 F F2(/usr)2.837 E F1 .337 (as a read-only \214lesystem.)2.837 F .337 (Cat pages cannot be supported in this)5.337 F 1.762 (situation without use of symbolic links to v)85.5 168.6 R 1.763 (arious other areas of the \214lesystem.)-.25 F 1.763 (This situation is a)6.763 F (greater problem if the media itself is read-only)85.5 180.6 Q 2.5(,s) -.65 G(uch as CD-R)-2.5 E(OM.)-.4 E 5<8357>77 192.6 S .018 (hen NFS mounting alternate OS')-5 F 2.517(sm)-.55 G .017 (anual page hierarchies.)-2.517 F .017 (The alternate system may be under some-)5.017 F .57(one else')85.5 204.6 R 3.07(sc)-.55 G .57(ontrol and the)-3.07 F 3.07(ym)-.15 G .57 (ay not w)-3.07 F .57(ant cat pages stored on their system.)-.1 F .57 (In f)5.57 F .57(act, it is usually a good)-.1 F .012(idea to e)85.5 216.6 R .012(xport the manual page \214lesystems read-only)-.15 F 2.512 (,o)-.65 G 2.512(ri)-2.512 G .012(mport them that w)-2.512 F(ay)-.1 E 5.011(.I)-.65 G 2.511(ti)-5.011 G 2.511(sp)-2.511 G .011(ossible to a) -2.511 F -.2(vo)-.2 G .011(id the).2 F(problems, this time with e)85.5 228.6 Q -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.5(nm).15 G (ore symbolic links that may need periodic updating.)-2.5 E 5<8349>77 242.6 S 3.592(ft)-5 G 1.092 (here is a mixture of normal cat \214les and stray cats)-3.592 F/F3 7 /Times-Roman@0 SF(9)-4 I F1 3.592(,i)4 K 3.592(ti)-3.592 G 3.592(sv) -3.592 G 1.092(ery dif)-3.742 F 1.092(\214cult to periodically)-.25 F F2 (trim)3.592 E F1 1.092(the cat)3.592 F(space disk usage by remo)85.5 254.6 Q(ving seldom accessed cat \214les.)-.15 E 1.6 -.8(To a)72 270.8 T -.2(vo).6 G(id all of these problems simultaneously).2 E 2.5(,i)-.65 G 2.5(tw)-2.5 G(as decided to support local cat page directory caches.) -2.6 E F0 2.5(3.8. Local)72 294.8 R(cat page dir)2.5 E(ectory caches) -.18 E F1(An)72 311 Q 2.842(yl)-.15 G .342 (ocation for cat page hierarch)-2.842 F 2.841(ym)-.05 G .341 (ay be speci\214ed in the man\255db con\214guration \214le.)-2.841 F .341(The location of the)5.341 F .051 (database cache associated with each manual page hierarch)72 323 R 2.551 (yw)-.05 G .051(ill al)-2.551 F -.1(wa)-.1 G .051 (ys be at the root of the cat page hierar).1 F(-)-.2 E(ch)72 335 Q 7.412 -.65(y. B)-.05 H 6.111(yd).65 G(ef)-6.111 E 3.611 (ault, the cat page hierarch)-.1 F 6.111(ys)-.05 G(hado)-6.111 E 3.611 (ws the manual page hierarch)-.25 F 7.411 -.65(y. T)-.05 H(he).65 E/F4 9 /Times-Bold@0 SF(FHS)6.111 E F1(proposes)6.111 E F2(/var/cac)72 347 Q (he/man)-.15 E F1 .602 (as the location for such directories, although man\255db allo)3.102 F .602(ws an)-.25 F 3.102(yd)-.15 G .602(irectory hierarch)-3.102 F 3.103 (yt)-.05 G 3.103(ob)-3.103 G(e)-3.103 E 2.5(used. The)72 359 R F4(FHS) 2.5 E F1(path transformation rule is as follo)2.5 E(ws:)-.25 E F2 (/usr/<hier)97 375.2 Q(ar)-.15 E -.15(ch)-.37 G(y>/shar).15 E (e/man/<locale>/man<sec>/pa)-.37 E -.1(ge)-.1 G(.<sec><e)-.05 E(xt>)-.2 E F1(should be formatted into the cat \214le)72 391.4 Q F2(/var/cac)97 407.6 Q(he/man/<hier)-.15 E(ar)-.15 E -.15(ch)-.37 G (y>/<locale>/cat<sec>/pa).15 E -.1(ge)-.1 G(.<sec><e)-.05 E(xt>)-.2 E F1 (where the)72 423.8 Q F2(<locale>)2.5 E F1 (directory component may be missing and)2.5 E F2(<e)2.5 E(xt>)-.2 E F1 (may be an empty string.)2.5 E .448(The suggestion is that stray cats a\ re located in the traditional hierarch)72 440 R 2.947(yu)-.05 G(nder) -2.947 E F2(/usr)2.947 E F1 .447(whereas re-creatable cat)2.947 F .101 (pages are stored under the local writable hierarch)72 452 R(y)-.05 E F2 (/var/cac)2.601 E(he/man.)-.15 E F0(man)5.102 E F1(follo)2.602 E .102 (ws strict rules in determining)-.25 F(which \214le is displayed.)72 464 Q(As an e)72 480.2 Q(xample, the follo)-.15 E(wing route is tak)-.25 E (en if all three \214les e)-.1 E(xist.)-.15 E 12.5(\(1\) Check)77 496.4 R(relati)2.693 E .493 -.15(ve m)-.25 H .193(odi\214cation time stamps o\ f the manual \214le and the traditional cat \214le.).15 F .193 (If the cat \214le)5.193 F (is up to date \(has an equal time stamp\), display it.)103.66 508.4 Q 12.5(\(2\) The)77 524.6 R .013(traditional cat \214le is out of date.) 2.513 F .013(Check relati)5.013 F .313 -.15(ve t)-.25 H .014 (ime stamps of the manual \214le and the alternate).15 F(cat \214le.) 103.66 536.6 Q(If the cat \214le is up to date, display it.)5 E 12.5 (\(3\) The)77 552.8 R .209(alternate cat \214le is out of date.)2.709 F -.15(Fo)5.208 G .208 (rmat the manual \214le and display the result in the fore).15 F (ground,)-.15 E (while updating the alternate cat \214le in the background.)103.66 564.8 Q .045(When a cat \214le is created, its time stamp is set to that of t\ he corresponding manual \214le.)72 581 R .046(Manual \214les are of-) 5.046 F .909(ten stored in)72 593 R F0(tar)3.408 E F1(archi)3.408 E -.15 (ve)-.25 G .908(s, and time stamps may be preserv).15 F .908 (ed when these archi)-.15 F -.15(ve)-.25 G 3.408(sa).15 G .908 (re unpack)-3.408 F 3.408(ed. Simply)-.1 F .288 (checking whether the cat \214le is ne)72 605 R .288(wer w)-.25 F .288 (ould sometimes cause)-.1 F F0(man)2.788 E F1 .289 (to display an out-of-date cat \214le in this)2.788 F (case, when it should ha)72 617 Q .3 -.15(ve r)-.2 H (eformatted the manual \214le instead.).15 E .32 LW 76 678.8 72 678.8 DL 80 678.8 76 678.8 DL 84 678.8 80 678.8 DL 88 678.8 84 678.8 DL 92 678.8 88 678.8 DL 96 678.8 92 678.8 DL 100 678.8 96 678.8 DL 104 678.8 100 678.8 DL 108 678.8 104 678.8 DL 112 678.8 108 678.8 DL 116 678.8 112 678.8 DL 120 678.8 116 678.8 DL 124 678.8 120 678.8 DL 128 678.8 124 678.8 DL 132 678.8 128 678.8 DL 136 678.8 132 678.8 DL 140 678.8 136 678.8 DL 144 678.8 140 678.8 DL 148 678.8 144 678.8 DL 152 678.8 148 678.8 DL 156 678.8 152 678.8 DL 160 678.8 156 678.8 DL 164 678.8 160 678.8 DL 168 678.8 164 678.8 DL 172 678.8 168 678.8 DL 176 678.8 172 678.8 DL 180 678.8 176 678.8 DL 184 678.8 180 678.8 DL 188 678.8 184 678.8 DL 192 678.8 188 678.8 DL 196 678.8 192 678.8 DL 200 678.8 196 678.8 DL 204 678.8 200 678.8 DL 208 678.8 204 678.8 DL 212 678.8 208 678.8 DL 216 678.8 212 678.8 DL/F5 5/Times-Roman@0 SF(9)93.6 689.2 Q/F6 8/Times-Roman@0 SF(cat \214les that ha)2 3.2 M .24 -.12(ve n)-.16 H 2 (os).12 G(ource manual page, i.e. the)-2 E 2(yc)-.12 G (annot be recreated.)-2 E F0(11)283 756 Q 0 Cg EP %%Page: 12 14 %%BeginPageSetup BP %%EndPageSetup /F0 10/Times-Bold@0 SF 165.29(man\255db v2.9.3)72 60 R -.15(Ju)150.59 G (ne 9, 2025).15 E 2.5(4. Compr)72 96 R(ession)-.18 E 2.5(4.1. Compr)72 120 R(essed manual pages)-.18 E/F1 10/Times-Roman@0 SF .204 (It is possible to maintain a system of compressed manual pages.)72 136.2 R .203(This imposes a small o)5.203 F -.15(ve)-.15 G .203 (rhead on the for).15 F(-)-.2 E .714(matting process, b)72 148.2 R .714 (ut is ne)-.2 F -.15(ve)-.25 G .714 (rtheless usually reasonable in order to a).15 F -.2(vo)-.2 G .715 (id unnecessary consumption of disk).2 F(space.)72 160.2 Q(Presently)72 176.4 Q 4.321(,t)-.65 G 1.821(he compression e)-4.321 F 1.821 (xtension/decompressor pairs must be kno)-.15 F 1.821 (wn at compile time although an)-.25 F(y)-.15 E (number may be de\214ned and used.)72 188.4 Q(The follo)5 E (wing structure is prede\214ned in man\255db:)-.25 E .4 LW 349.38 209.1 226.62 209.1 DL 12.5(Extension Decompressor)231.62 218.6 R 349.38 223.1 226.62 223.1 DL 43.06(gz gzip)231.62 232.6 R(\255dc)2.5 E 50.56(zg) 231.62 244.6 S(zip \255dc)-50.56 E 48.89(Zc)231.62 256.6 S (ompress \255dc)-48.89 E 349.38 261.1 226.62 261.1 DL 279.12 209.1 279.12 261.1 DL 349.38 209.1 349.38 261.1 DL 226.62 209.1 226.62 261.1 DL .333(It is a relati)72 284.8 R -.15(ve)-.25 G .334 (ly easy operation to include further pairs in this structure.).15 F (See)5.334 E/F2 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(include/comp_sr)2.834 E(c.h)-.37 E F1 .334(for details)2.834 F(and an e)72 296.8 Q(xample.)-.15 E .877(Sup\ port for compressed manual pages is compiled into the man\255db utiliti\ es by def)72 313 R .877(ault, depending on the)-.1 F(decompressors a)72 325 Q -.25(va)-.2 G(ilable at con\214gure time.).25 E F0 2.5(4.2. Compr) 72 349 R(essed cat pages)-.18 E F1 .087 (man\255db compresses cat \214les by def)72 365.2 R 2.587(ault. During) -.1 F(con\214guration,)2.587 E F0(con\214gur)2.587 E(e)-.18 E F1 .087 (will try to \214nd)2.587 F F0(gzip)2.587 E F1 .087(and, if found,)2.587 F(all cat \214les produced by)72 377.2 Q F0(man)2.5 E F1 (will be compressed with)2.5 E F0(gzip \2557c)97 393.4 Q F1(and ha)72 409.6 Q .3 -.15(ve a)-.2 H F0(.gz)2.65 E F1 -.15(ex)2.5 G (tension appended.).15 E(If)5 E F0(gzip)2.5 E F1(is not found,)2.5 E F0 (compr)97 425.8 Q(ess \255c)-.18 E F1 (is used as the compressor and the e)72 442 Q(xtension)-.15 E F0(.Z)2.5 E F1(is appended.)2.5 E 1.844 -.8(To s)72 458.2 T .244 (tore cat \214les in an uncompressed state and to disable compressed e) .8 F .244(xtension processing completely)-.15 F 2.744(,e)-.65 G(dit) -2.744 E F2(con\214g)72 470.2 Q(.h)-.15 E F1(and comment out the follo) 2.5 E(wing line)-.25 E(#de\214ne COMP_CA)72 486.4 Q 2.5(T1)-1.11 G F0 2.5(4.2.1. Stray)72 502.6 R(cats)2.5 E F1(Normally)72 518.8 Q(,)-.65 E F0(man)3.332 E F1 .833(will only look for cat \214les with the def)3.332 F .833(ault compression e)-.1 F 3.333(xtension. The)-.15 F(def)3.333 E .833(ault compres-)-.1 F .53(sion e)72 530.8 R .53 (xtension is dependent on the def)-.15 F .529 (ault compressor and may be an empty string if the support for com-)-.1 F(pressed cats is disabled.)72 542.8 Q .15(It is possible for a system \ to be supplied with stray cat \214les located in the traditional cat pa\ ge hierarch)72 559 R 3.95 -.65(y. T)-.05 H(o)-.15 E(mak)72 571 Q 2.999 (em)-.1 G .499(atters w)-2.999 F .499(orse, the)-.1 F 2.999(ym)-.15 G .499(ay ha)-2.999 F .799 -.15(ve c)-.2 H .499(ompression e).15 F .499 (xtensions other than the def)-.15 F .498(ault and reside on read-only) -.1 F 3.151(media. In)72 583 R .651 (such circumstances, stray cat \214les will be accepted with an)3.151 F 3.151(yc)-.15 G .652(ompression e)-3.151 F .652(xtension that is also) -.15 F(supported for manual pages.)72 595 Q .054 (This special treatment of stray cat pages is remo)72 611.2 R -.15(ve) -.15 G 2.554(di).15 G 2.554(fs)-2.554 G .054 (upport for compressed manual pages is turned of)-2.554 F 2.553(fo)-.25 G(r)-2.553 E(not a)72 623.2 Q -.25(va)-.2 G(ilable.).25 E F0(12)283 756 Q 0 Cg EP %%Page: 13 15 %%BeginPageSetup BP %%EndPageSetup /F0 10/Times-Bold@0 SF 165.29(man\255db v2.9.3)72 60 R -.15(Ju)150.59 G (ne 9, 2025).15 E 2.5(5. F)72 96 R(ormatting)-.25 E/F1 10/Times-Roman@0 SF .232(As already pointed out in the introduction, there are tw)72 112.2 R 2.732(op)-.1 G .232(rimary formatters common to)-2.732 F/F2 9 /Times-Bold@0 SF(UNIX)2.732 E F1(:)A F2(NR)2.732 E(OFF)-.27 E F1(and) 2.732 E F2(TR)72 124.2 Q(OFF)-.27 E F1(.)A .276(In the follo)72 140.4 R .276(wing sections, I will use the term)-.25 F F2(TR)2.776 E(OFF)-.27 E F1 .276(to describe the typesetter formatter and)2.776 F F2(NR)2.775 E (OFF)-.27 E F1 .275(to de-)2.775 F(scribe the type)72 152.4 Q (writer formatter)-.25 E 5(.T)-.55 G(he term)-5 E/F3 9/Times-Roman@0 SF -.36(RO)2.5 G(FF).36 E F1(will be used to describe a generic formatter) 2.5 E(.)-.55 E F0(5.1.)72 176.4 Q F2(GR)5 E(OFF)-.27 E F1 .303 (If using the)72 192.6 R F2(GR)2.803 E(OFF)-.27 E F1 .304 (package, there is a further choice,)2.803 F F2(GR)2.804 E(OFF)-.27 E F1 2.804(itself. Essentially)2.804 F(,)-.65 E F2(GR)2.804 E(OFF)-.27 E F1 .304(forms a pipeline)2.804 F .966(of processors including)72 204.6 R F2 (TR)3.466 E(OFF)-.27 E F1 .966 (and an output processor which translates the ditrof)3.466 F 3.465(fp) -.25 G .965(roduced by)-3.465 F F2(TR)3.465 E(OFF)-.27 E F1 .884 (into the appropriate output format.)72 216.6 R .884(The def)5.884 F .884(ault output format, or de)-.1 F .884(vice, for)-.25 F F2(GR)3.384 E (OFF)-.27 E F1 .884(is PostScript.)3.384 F(An)5.884 E(y-)-.15 E (thing else must be speci\214ed using the de)72 228.6 Q(vice ar)-.25 E 2.5(gument. T)-.18 F 2.5(oi)-.8 G(llustrate)-2.5 E F2(GR)2.5 E(OFF)-.27 E F1 2.5(,t)C(he command)-2.5 E .4 LW 97 237.3 97 247.3 DL(grof)98.666 244.8 Q 2.5<66ad>-.25 G(Tdvi /de)-2.5 E(v/null)-.25 E 184.912 237.3 184.912 247.3 DL 102 237.3 97 237.3 DL 104.912 237.3 99.912 237.3 DL 109.912 237.3 104.912 237.3 DL 114.912 237.3 109.912 237.3 DL 119.912 237.3 114.912 237.3 DL 124.912 237.3 119.912 237.3 DL 129.912 237.3 124.912 237.3 DL 134.912 237.3 129.912 237.3 DL 139.912 237.3 134.912 237.3 DL 144.912 237.3 139.912 237.3 DL 149.912 237.3 144.912 237.3 DL 154.912 237.3 149.912 237.3 DL 159.912 237.3 154.912 237.3 DL 164.912 237.3 159.912 237.3 DL 169.912 237.3 164.912 237.3 DL 174.912 237.3 169.912 237.3 DL 179.912 237.3 174.912 237.3 DL 184.912 237.3 179.912 237.3 DL 102 247.3 97 247.3 DL 104.912 247.3 99.912 247.3 DL 109.912 247.3 104.912 247.3 DL 114.912 247.3 109.912 247.3 DL 119.912 247.3 114.912 247.3 DL 124.912 247.3 119.912 247.3 DL 129.912 247.3 124.912 247.3 DL 134.912 247.3 129.912 247.3 DL 139.912 247.3 134.912 247.3 DL 144.912 247.3 139.912 247.3 DL 149.912 247.3 144.912 247.3 DL 154.912 247.3 149.912 247.3 DL 159.912 247.3 154.912 247.3 DL 164.912 247.3 159.912 247.3 DL 169.912 247.3 164.912 247.3 DL 174.912 247.3 169.912 247.3 DL 179.912 247.3 174.912 247.3 DL 184.912 247.3 179.912 247.3 DL (will form the follo)72 261 Q(wing pipeline)-.25 E(trof)97 277.2 Q 2.5 <66ad>-.25 G(Tdvi /de)-2.5 E(v/null | grodvi)-.25 E(If)72 293.4 Q F2(GR) 2.5 E(OFF)-.27 E F1(is tied to)2.5 E F0(man)2.5 E F1 -.55('s)C F0<ad54> 3.05 E F1(option, it is still possible for)2.5 E F0(man)2.5 E F1 (to produce ditrof)2.5 E 2.5(fv)-.25 G(ia use of the)-2.5 E F0<ad5a>2.5 E F1(option.)2.5 E(In)72 309.6 Q F2(GR)2.905 E(OFF)-.27 E F1(1.09,)2.905 E F2(NR)2.905 E(OFF)-.27 E F1 .405(is b)2.905 F .405 (undled as a shell script that calls)-.2 F F2(GR)2.905 E(OFF)-.27 E F1 2.905(,w)C .405(hich in turn calls)-2.905 F F2(TR)2.905 E(OFF)-.27 E F1 .404(with the)2.904 F(def)72 321.6 Q .902(ault options)-.1 F F0<ad57> 3.402 E .903(all \255mtty-char \255T)-.65 F(ascii)-.92 E F1 3.403(,p)C .903(assing the result through)-3.403 F F0(gr)3.403 E(otty)-.18 E F1 .903(before it \214nally reaches the)3.403 F(screen.)72 333.6 Q .028 (It is imperati)72 349.8 R .328 -.15(ve t)-.25 H .028 (hat the script does not pass pre-processing options to).15 F F2(GR) 2.527 E(OFF)-.27 E F1 1.127 -.55('s c)D .027(ommand line as).55 F F0 (man)2.527 E F1(tak)2.527 E(es)-.1 E(care of this separately)72 361.8 Q (.)-.65 E F0 2.5(5.2. De)72 385.8 R(vices)-.15 E F1(Both)72 402 Q F2(NR) 3.882 E(OFF)-.27 E F1(and)3.882 E F2(GR)3.882 E(OFF)-.27 E F1 1.382 (may allo)3.882 F 3.882(wo)-.25 G 1.382(utput de)-3.882 F 1.382 (vice selection.)-.25 F 1.382(As mentioned pre)6.382 F(viously)-.25 E 3.883(,c)-.65 G(lassic)-3.883 E F2(NR)3.883 E(OFF)-.27 E F1 .638 (produces output suitable for a type)72 414 R .637(writer de)-.25 F .637 (vice, classic)-.25 F F2(TR)3.137 E(OFF)-.27 E F1 .637 (produces output suitable for a)3.137 F F0(C/A/T)3.137 E F1(and)3.137 E F2(GR)72 426 Q(OFF)-.27 E F1 (produces output suitable for a PostScript interpreting de)2.5 E (vice by def)-.25 E(ault.)-.1 E F0 2.5(5.3. Macr)72 450 R(os)-.18 E F1 .133(There are se)72 466.2 R -.15(ve)-.25 G(ral).15 E F3 -.36(RO)2.633 G (FF).36 E F1 .134(macro sets in e)2.634 F .134 (xistence that are suitable for manual pages.)-.15 F(Unfortunately)5.134 E 2.634(,t)-.65 G(he)-2.634 E 2.634(yt)-.15 G(end)-2.634 E (to be incompatible with each other)72 478.2 Q(.)-.55 E .482 (During con\214guration,)72 494.4 R F0(con\214gur)2.982 E(e)-.18 E F1 .481 (will attempt to determine a suitable macro set for the local system') 2.982 F 2.981(sm)-.55 G(an-)-2.981 E(ual page collection.)72 506.4 Q (It attempts to use)5 E F2(NR)2.5 E(OFF)-.27 E F1(with the follo)2.5 E (wing three macro packages:)-.25 E 421.45 527.1 154.55 527.1 DL (macro package)159.55 536.6 Q(macro \214lename)15 E(nrof)58.04 E 2.5(fc) -.25 G(ommand)-2.5 E 421.45 541.1 154.55 541.1 DL 48.87 (andoc tmac.andoc)159.55 550.6 R(or andoc.tmac)2.5 E(nrof)15 E 2.5<66ad> -.25 G(mandoc)-2.5 E 63.31(an tmac.an)159.55 562.6 R(or an.tmac)2.5 E (nrof)43.88 E 2.5<66ad>-.25 G(man)-2.5 E 58.31(doc tmac.doc)159.55 574.6 R(or doc.tmac)2.5 E(nrof)33.88 E 2.5<66ad>-.25 G(mdoc)-2.5 E 421.45 579.1 154.55 579.1 DL 347.27 527.1 347.27 579.1 DL 227.3 527.1 227.3 579.1 DL 421.45 527.1 421.45 579.1 DL 154.55 527.1 154.55 579.1 DL .122 (The \214rst that succeeds is used.)72 602.8 R(The)5.122 E F0(andoc) 2.622 E F1 .123 (macro set is suitable for manual pages written using either)2.623 F F0 (an)2.623 E F1(or)2.623 E F0(doc)72 614.8 Q F1(macro commands, b)2.5 E (ut not a combination of both.)-.2 E F0 2.5(5.4. Pr)72 631 R(e-f)-.18 E (ormat pr)-.25 E(ocessors \(pr)-.18 E(e-pr)-.18 E(ocessors\))-.18 E F1 (Manual pages may require pre-processing by an)72 647.2 Q 2.5(yo)-.15 G 2.5(ft)-2.5 G(he follo)-2.5 E(wing)-.25 E F0(13)283 756 Q 0 Cg EP %%Page: 14 16 %%BeginPageSetup BP %%EndPageSetup /F0 10/Times-Bold@0 SF 165.29(man\255db v2.9.3)72 60 R -.15(Ju)150.59 G (ne 9, 2025).15 E .4 LW 363.135 88.5 212.865 88.5 DL/F1 10/Times-Roman@0 SF 12.5(Program ID Pre-processes)217.865 98 R 363.135 102.5 212.865 102.5 DL 32.5(eqn e)217.865 112 R(equations)21.11 E 36.38(tbl t)217.865 124 R(tables)22.77 E 29.17(grap g)217.865 136 R(graphs)20.55 E 34.72 (pic p)217.865 148 R(pictures)20.55 E 28.07(refer r)217.865 160 R 2.5 (Ab)22.22 G(ibliograph)-2.5 E(y)-.05 E 20.83(vgrind v)217.865 172 R (program listings)20.55 E 363.135 176.5 212.865 176.5 DL 285.355 88.5 285.355 176.5 DL 259.805 88.5 259.805 176.5 DL 363.135 88.5 363.135 176.5 DL 212.865 88.5 212.865 176.5 DL .42 (It is possible to assign a def)72 200.2 R .42(ault pre-processor list \ that all manual pages will be passed through prior to the)-.1 F .182 (primary formatter)72 212.2 R 5.182(.B)-.55 G 2.682(yd)-5.182 G(ef) -2.682 E .182(ault, this is empty)-.1 F 5.182(.T)-.65 G 2.682(od)-5.982 G .182(e\214ne a def)-2.682 F .182(ault list, edit)-.1 F/F2 10 /Times-Italic@0 SF(include/mancon\214g)2.682 E(.h)-.15 E F1 .182 (and un-com-)2.682 F(ment the follo)72 224.2 Q(wing line)-.25 E (/* #de\214ne DEF)72 240.4 Q -.55(AU)-.74 G -.92(LT).55 G(_MANR).92 E 5 (OFFSEQ "t")-.4 F(*/)2.5 E .537(which will enable)72 256.6 R F0(tbl) 3.037 E F1 .537(processing by def)3.037 F 3.036(ault. T)-.1 F 3.036(oc) -.8 G .536(hange the list, replace the)-3.036 F F0(t)3.036 E F1 .536 (with a suitable string of pro-)3.036 F(cessor ID')72 268.6 Q(s.)-.55 E 1.33(Pre-process options may be pro)72 284.8 R 1.331 (vided at run time in v)-.15 F 1.331(arious forms, b)-.25 F 1.331 (ut in general the pre-processors re-)-.2 F(quired by each manual page \ is indicated in the \214rst line of the manual page itself.)72 296.8 Q (See)5 E F0(man)2.5 E F1(\(1\) for details.)A .561(If a manual page doe\ s not contain a pre-processor string in its \214rst line, it will be sc\ anned for well-kno)72 313 R(wn)-.25 E/F3 9/Times-Roman@0 SF -.36(RO)72 325 S(FF).36 E F1 .181 (requests used to pass input to certain pre-processors.)2.68 F .181 (Thus, the pre-processor string is often unneces-)5.181 F (sary for correct output, b)72 337 Q(ut should ne)-.2 E -.15(ve)-.25 G (rtheless be included for ef).15 E(\214cienc)-.25 E -.65(y.)-.15 G F0 2.5(5.5. F)72 361 R(ormat scripts)-.25 E F1 .47(It is v)72 377.2 R .47 (ery lik)-.15 F .47(ely that alternate systems manual pages may require\ non-standard macro packages or possibly)-.1 F -2.15 -.25(ev e)72 389.2 T 2.898(ns).25 G .398(pecial pre-processors.)-2.898 F 1.998 -.8(To t) 5.398 H .398(ackle such problems, special format scripts may be created\ on a per man-).8 F(ual hierarch)72 401.2 Q 2.5(yb)-.05 G(asis.)-2.5 E (If the \214le)72 417.4 Q F2(<manual_hier)97 433.6 Q(ar)-.15 E -.15(ch) -.37 G(y>/mandb_nfmt).15 E F1 -.15(ex)72 449.8 S .191(ists and is e).15 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .191(cutable, it is e).15 F .19 (xpected to be able to correctly format a manual page originating from) -.15 F F2(<man-)2.69 E(ual_hier)72 461.8 Q(ar)-.15 E -.15(ch)-.37 G(y>) .15 E F1(to its standard output.)2.5 E (It will be supplied with either tw)5 E 2.5(oo)-.1 G 2.5(rt)-2.5 G (hree ar)-2.5 E(guments:)-.18 E 2.5<836d>112 478 S (anual page \214lename)-2.5 E 2.5<8370>112 490 S(re-processor string) -2.5 E 2.5<836f>112 502 S(utput de)-2.5 E(vice \(optional\))-.25 E (Similarly)72 518.2 Q 2.5(,i)-.65 G 2.5(ft)-2.5 G(he option)-2.5 E F0 <ad54>2.5 E F2(<de)A(vice>)-.15 E F1(or)2.5 E F0<ad74>2.5 E F1 -.1(wa) 2.5 G 2.5(ss).1 G(upplied to)-2.5 E F0(man)2.5 E F1(and the \214le)2.5 E F2(<manual_hier)97 534.4 Q(ar)-.15 E -.15(ch)-.37 G(y>/mandb_tfmt).15 E F1 -.15(ex)72 550.6 S(ists and is e).15 E -.15(xe)-.15 G (cutable, it will be used in the same w).15 E(ay)-.1 E(.)-.65 E .295 (An e)72 566.8 R .295(xample of such a script, supplied by Markus Armbr\ uster <armbru@pond.sub)-.15 F(.or)-.4 E .296(g>, who pro)-.18 F .296 (vided sup-)-.15 F(port for e)72 578.8 Q (xternal formatter scripts, can be found as)-.15 E F2 (tools/mandb_fmt\255script)2.5 E F1 2.133 (The script can be used as both an)72 595 R/F4 9/Times-Bold@0 SF(NR) 4.633 E(OFF)-.27 E F1(and)4.633 E F4(TR)4.633 E(OFF)-.27 E F1(/)A F4(GR) A(OFF)-.27 E F1 2.133(format script and can be installed as)4.633 F F2 (mandb_nfmt)72 607 Q F1(and hard link)2.5 E(ed to)-.1 E F2(mandb_tfmt) 2.5 E F1(after modi\214cation appropriate for your particular site.)2.5 E F0(14)283 756 Q 0 Cg EP %%Page: 15 17 %%BeginPageSetup BP %%EndPageSetup /F0 10/Times-Bold@0 SF 165.29(man\255db v2.9.3)72 60 R -.15(Ju)150.59 G (ne 9, 2025).15 E 2.5(6. The)72 96 R(index database caches)2.5 E/F1 10 /Times-Roman@0 SF .65(As mentioned in the introduction, man\255db uses \ database lookups to search for manual page locations and)72 112.2 R 2.9 (information. When)72 124.2 R .4 (performing a manual page lookup or a basic)2.9 F F0(whatis)2.9 E F1 .4 (search, the databases are searched)2.9 F(in)72 136.2 Q/F2 10 /Times-Italic@0 SF -.1(ke)97 152.4 S(y)-.2 E/F3 10/Symbol SF<ae>2.5 E F2 (content)2.5 E F1 1.432(mode and are as f)72 168.6 R 1.432 (ast as the underlying databases can be.)-.1 F 1.433(When performing) 6.433 F F0(apr)3.933 E(opos)-.18 E F1 1.433(or special)3.933 F F0 (whatis)3.933 E F1 .107 (searches, the databases are searched in a linear w)72 180.6 R(ay)-.1 E 2.607(,w)-.65 G .107(hich, although f)-2.607 F .107(ar more e)-.1 F (xpensi)-.15 E .407 -.15(ve t)-.25 H(han).15 E F2 -.1(ke)2.606 G(yed)-.2 E F1(lookup,)2.606 E(is no w)72 192.6 Q(orse than traditional te)-.1 E (xt based \214le searching.)-.15 E F0 2.5(6.1. index)72 216.6 R (database location)2.5 E F1 .303(The databases are al)72 232.8 R -.1(wa) -.1 G .303(ys located at the root of the cat page hierarch).1 F 1.604 -.65(y, w)-.05 H .304(hether this is the same as the man-).65 F .14 (ual page hierarch)72 244.8 R 2.64(yo)-.05 G 2.64(rn)-2.64 G 2.64 (ot. As)-2.64 F .14(\214le locking mechanisms are emplo)2.64 F .14 (yed to ensure that concurrent processes do)-.1 F .384 (not update a database simultaneously)72 256.8 R 2.884(,i)-.65 G 2.884 (ti)-2.884 G 2.884(sa)-2.884 G .384(lmost imperati)-2.884 F .684 -.15 (ve t)-.25 H .385(hat the databases reside on a local \214lesystem).15 F .069(since \214le locking across NFS \214lesystems may be una)72 268.8 R -.25(va)-.2 G .068(ilable or \215ak).25 F 3.868 -.65(y. T)-.15 H 2.568 (oa)-.15 G -.2(vo)-2.768 G .068(id such problems,).2 F F0(man)2.568 E F1 .068(can be)2.568 F(compiled without database maintenance support.)72 280.8 Q(See the section titled "Modes of operation" for details.)5 E F0 2.5(6.1.1. Manual)72 304.8 R(hierar)2.5 E(chies with no index database) -.18 E F1 .729(It is possible for the man\255db utilities to operate wi\ thout aid from an inde)72 321 R 3.23(xd)-.15 G 3.23(atabase. Under)-3.23 F .73(such circum-)3.23 F .921(stances, search methods will use only \ \214le globbing and whatis type searches are performed on an)72 333 R 3.42(yt)-.15 G(radi-)-3.42 E(tional whatis te)72 345 Q (xt databases that may e)-.15 E 2.5(xist. Only)-.15 F (the traditional cat hierarch)2.5 E 2.5(yi)-.05 G 2.5(ss)-2.5 G (earched for cat \214les.)-2.5 E F0 2.5(6.1.2. User)72 369 R (manual page hierar)2.5 E(chies)-.18 E F1 3.064(Au)72 385.2 S .564 (ser may ha)-3.064 F .865 -.15(ve a)-.2 H .865 -.15(ny n).15 H .565 (umber of personal manual page hierarchies listed in their).15 F/F4 9 /Times-Roman@0 SF($)3.065 E/F5 9/Times-Bold@0 SF(MANP)A -.855(AT)-.666 G (H).855 E F1 5.565(.B)C 3.065(yd)-5.565 G(ef)-3.065 E(ault,)-.1 E F0 (man)72 397.2 Q F1 .338(will maintain)2.838 F F0(mandb)2.838 E F1 .337 (created databases at the root of user manual page hierarchies.)2.838 F .337(The de\214nition of)5.337 F 2.693(au)72 409.2 S .193 (ser manual hierarch)-2.693 F 2.693(yi)-.05 G 2.693(st)-2.693 G .193 (hat it does not ha)-2.693 F .493 -.15(ve a)-.2 H 2.693(ne).15 G .194 (ntry in the man\255db con\214guration \214le.)-2.693 F(See)5.194 E F0 (manpath)2.694 E F1(\(5\))A(for details.)72 421.2 Q F0 2.5 (6.2. Contents)72 445.2 R(of an index database)2.5 E F1 (There are four kinds of entry in an inde)72 461.4 Q 2.5(xd)-.15 G (atabase.)-2.5 E 12.5(\(1\) A)77 477.6 R .492(direct entry re)2.992 F -.05(ga)-.15 G .491(rding a particular manual page.).05 F .491 (Manual pages that are unique in terms of name)5.491 F (use just a single entry in the database and can be look)103.66 489.6 Q (ed up by simply using the name as the k)-.1 E -.15(ey)-.1 G(.)-.5 E 12.5(\(2\) A)77 505.8 R .743(common name inde)3.242 F 3.243(xe)-.15 G .743(ntry that lists the e)-3.243 F .743 (xtensions of all of the manual pages sharing the com-)-.15 F .148 (mon inde)103.66 517.8 R 2.648(xe)-.15 G .148(ntry name.)-2.648 F .148 (Manual pages that share common names b)5.148 F .148(ut ha)-.2 F .448 -.15(ve d)-.2 H(if).15 E .147(fering e)-.25 F .147(xtensions each)-.15 F (ha)103.66 529.8 Q 1.08 -.15(ve a s)-.2 H .78(ingle database entry).15 F 3.28(,b)-.65 G .78(ut this time the)-3.48 F 3.281(ya)-.15 G .781 (re look)-3.281 F .781(ed up with a k)-.1 F 1.081 -.15(ey c)-.1 H .781 (omprised of their name).15 F .253(and their e)103.66 541.8 R 2.753 (xtension. The)-.15 F .252 (entire set of common named pages also has an common name inde)2.753 F 2.752(xe)-.15 G(ntry)-2.752 E(that informs of the e)103.66 553.8 Q (xtensions a)-.15 E -.25(va)-.2 G(ilable.).25 E 12.5(\(3\) An)77 570 R .616(indirect entry that has a pointer to the real entry)3.116 F 5.616 (.M)-.65 G .616(anual pages that are whatis references to a)-5.616 F .31 (particular page do not ph)103.66 582 R .31(ysically e)-.05 F .31 (xist so the)-.15 F 2.809(yh)-.15 G -2.25 -.2(av e)-2.809 H 2.809(ap) 3.009 G .309(ointer to the entry containing the location of)-2.809 F (the real manual page.)103.66 594 Q 12.5(\(4\) Special)77 610.2 R .873 (identi\214cation entries.)3.373 F .874(There is one special k)5.874 F 1.174 -.15(ey n)-.1 H .874(ame, \231$v).15 F .874 (ersion$\232 that identi\214es the data-)-.15 F(base storage scheme v) 103.66 622.2 Q(ersion.)-.15 E .341 (In order to support looking up manual pages in a case-insensiti)72 638.4 R .641 -.15(ve f)-.25 H .341(ashion, k).05 F -.15(ey)-.1 G 2.841 (sa).15 G .341(re stored in lo)-2.841 F .341(wer case.)-.25 F(If)5.341 E .493(the name of the page w)72 650.4 R .493(as not already in lo)-.1 F .494(wer case, its true case is also stored in the common name inde)-.25 F(x)-.15 E(entry)72 662.4 Q(.)-.65 E .406(In the follo)72 678.6 R .406(\ wing entries, the character \231|\232 will be used to separate the \214\ elds. In reality a tab is used.)-.25 F(Direct)5.406 E (and indirect entries tak)72 690.6 Q(es the form:)-.1 E F2(<name>)97 706.8 Q F3<ae>4.065 E F2(<r)4.065 E(ealname>|<e)-.37 E(xt>|<sec>|<mtime) -.2 E(.sec>|<mtime)-.15 E(.nsec>|<ID>|<r)-.15 E(ef>|<\214lter>|<comp>|) -.37 E(<whatis>)97 718.8 Q F0(15)283 756 Q 0 Cg EP %%Page: 16 18 %%BeginPageSetup BP %%EndPageSetup /F0 10/Times-Bold@0 SF 165.29(man\255db v2.9.3)72 60 R -.15(Ju)150.59 G (ne 9, 2025).15 E/F1 10/Times-Roman@0 SF(Common name inde)72 96 Q 2.5 (xe)-.15 G(ntries tak)-2.5 E 2.5(et)-.1 G(he form:)-2.5 E/F2 10 /Times-Italic@0 SF(<name>)97 112.2 Q/F3 10/Symbol SF<ae>3.915 E F2(|<r) 3.915 E(ealname1>|<e)-.37 E(xt1>|<r)-.2 E(ealname2>|<e)-.37 E(xt2>|<r) -.2 E(ealname3>|<e)-.37 E 1.414(xt3>| .)-.2 F -1.918 1.666(.. <)1.666 H -.37(re)-1.666 G(alnamen>|).37 E(<e)97 124.2 Q(xtn>)-.2 E F1 (and common name direct or indirect entries tak)72 140.4 Q 2.5(et)-.1 G (he form:)-2.5 E F2(<name>|<e)97 156.6 Q(xt>)-.2 E F3<ae>9.165 E F2(<r) 9.165 E(ealname>|<e)-.37 E(xt>|<sec>|<mtime)-.2 E(.sec>|<mtime)-.15 E (.nsec>|<ID>|<r)-.15 E(ef>|<\214lter>|)-.37 E(<comp>|<whatis>)97 168.6 Q F1(where in each case the \214lename being represented is formed as)72 184.8 Q F2(<manual_hier)97 201 Q(ar)-.15 E -.15(ch)-.37 G (y>/man<sec>/<name>.<e).15 E(xt>.<comp>)-.2 E F1 (in the case of a manual page, or)72 217.2 Q F2(<cat_hier)97 233.4 Q(ar) -.15 E -.15(ch)-.37 G(y>/cat<sec>/<name>.<e).15 E(xt>.<comp>)-.2 E F1 (in the case of a stray cat.)72 249.6 Q .231(If an)72 265.8 R 2.731(yo) -.15 G 2.731(ft)-2.731 G .231(he \214elds w)-2.731 F .231(ould be empty) -.1 F 2.731(,as)-.65 G .23(ingle \231\255\232 is stored in its place.) -2.731 F F2(<comp>)5.23 E F1 .23(represents the compression)2.73 F -.15 (ex)72 277.8 S(tension,).15 E F2(<mtime)2.611 E(.sec>)-.15 E F1 .112 (is an inte)2.611 F .112(ger representing the seconds part of the last \ modi\214cation time of the man-)-.15 F .312(ual page,)72 289.8 R F2 (<mtime)2.812 E(.nsec>)-.15 E F1 .312(is an inte)2.812 F .311(ger repre\ senting the nanoseconds part of the last modi\214cation time of the)-.15 F .313(manual page,)72 301.8 R F2(<r)2.813 E(ef>)-.37 E F1 .314 (points to the entry containing the location of the real page,)2.813 F F2(<ID>)2.814 E F1 .314(is one of the follo)2.814 F(w-)-.25 E (ing identi\214cation letters, and)72 313.8 Q F2(<\214lter>)2.5 E F1 (represents an)2.5 E 2.5(yp)-.15 G (reprocessors that are needed to display the page.)-2.5 E .4 LW 462.31 334.5 113.69 334.5 DL 12.5(ID #de\214ne)118.69 344 R(Description)51.66 E 462.31 348.5 113.69 348.5 DL 18.33(AU)118.69 358 S -.92(LT)-18.33 G 31.75(_MAN ultimate).92 F(manual page, the full source nrof)2.5 E 2.5 <668c>-.25 G(le)-2.5 E 18.88(BS)118.69 370 S 37.49(O_MAN manual)-18.88 F (page containing a .so request to an UL)2.5 E(T_MAN)-.92 E 18.88(CW) 118.69 382 S(HA)-18.88 E 12.5(TIS_MAN virtual)-1.11 F (whatis referenced page pointing to an UL)2.5 E(T_MAN)-.92 E 18.33(DS) 118.69 394 S(TRA)-18.33 E(Y_CA)-1.05 E 25.48(Tc)-1.11 G (at page with no source manual page)-25.48 E 19.44(EW)118.69 406 S(HA) -19.44 E(TIS_CA)-1.11 E 19.44(Tv)-1.11 G (irtual whatis referenced page pointing to a STRA)-19.44 E(Y_CA)-1.05 E (T)-1.11 E 462.31 410.5 113.69 410.5 DL 217.84 334.5 217.84 410.5 DL 136.74 334.5 136.74 410.5 DL 462.31 334.5 462.31 410.5 DL 113.69 334.5 113.69 410.5 DL(The)72 434.2 Q F2(ID)2.763 E F1 .263 (illustrates the precedence.)2.763 F .263 (Some types of manual page can be referenced by se)5.263 F -.15(ve)-.25 G .263(ral means, e.g. .so).15 F .211(requested and whatis referred.)72 446.2 R .212(In such a case, only one reference must be stored in the d\ atabase, the prece-)5.211 F(dence le)72 458.2 Q -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.5(ld) .15 G(ecides which.)-2.5 E F0 2.5(6.2.1. F)72 482.2 R -2.1 -.25(av o) -.25 H(uring stray cats).25 E F1 -.4(Wi)72 498.4 S .728(th the abo).4 F 1.028 -.15(ve r)-.15 H .728(ules of precedence, it is possible for a v) .15 F .727(alid stray cat page to be replaced by a whatis re-)-.25 F (ferred page sharing identical name-space.)72 510.4 Q .028(If you w)72 526.6 R .028(ould lik)-.1 F 2.528(et)-.1 G 2.528(os)-2.528 G .028 (ee the stray cat page)-2.528 F F0(kill)2.528 E F1 .028 (\(1\) instead of the)B F0(bash_b)2.529 E(uiltins)-.2 E F1 .029 (\(1\) page referenced by)B F0(kill)2.529 E F1(\(1\),)A(edit)72 538.6 Q F2(include/mancon\214g)2.5 E(.h)-.15 E F1(and un-comment the follo)2.5 E (wing line)-.25 E(/* #de\214ne F)72 554.8 Q -.2 -1.35(AV O)-.74 H (UR_STRA)1.35 E(YCA)-1.05 E(TS */)-1.11 E F0 2.5(6.2.2. Accessdb)72 578.8 R F1 3.145(As)72 595 S .645(imple program,)-3.145 F F0(accessdb) 3.145 E F1 .645(is included with man\255db)3.145 F 5.644(.I)-.4 G 3.144 (tw)-5.644 G .644(ill output the data contained within a man\255db) -3.144 F 1.603(database in a human readable form.)72 607 R 1.603(By def) 6.603 F 1.603(ault, it will)-.1 F F2(dump)4.103 E F1 1.603 (the data from)4.103 F F2(/var/cac)4.103 E(he/man/inde)-.15 E(x.<db-)-.2 E(type>)72 619 Q F1 2.5(,w)C(here)-2.5 E F2(<db-type>)2.5 E F1 (is dependent on the database library in use.)2.5 E .192 (Supplying an ar)72 635.2 R .191(gument to)-.18 F F0(accessdb)2.691 E F1 .191(will o)2.691 F -.15(ve)-.15 G .191(rride this def).15 F 2.691 (ault. T)-.1 F .191(abs are replaced in the output by a tilde \231~\232) -.8 F(in the)72 647.2 Q F2 -.1(ke)2.5 G(y)-.2 E F1 (\214eld and a single space in the)2.5 E F2(content)2.5 E F1(\214eld.) 2.5 E F0 2.5(6.2.3. Example)72 671.2 R(database)2.5 E F1(As an e)72 687.4 Q(xample of both)-.15 E F0(accessdb)2.5 E F1 (and the database storage method, the output of)2.5 E F0(16)283 756 Q 0 Cg EP %%Page: 17 19 %%BeginPageSetup BP %%EndPageSetup /F0 10/Times-Bold@0 SF 165.29(man\255db v2.9.3)72 60 R -.15(Ju)150.59 G (ne 9, 2025).15 E .4 LW 97 88.5 97 98.5 DL/F1 10/Times-Roman@0 SF (src/accessdb man/inde)98.666 96 Q(x.bt)-.15 E 205.162 88.5 205.162 98.5 DL 102 88.5 97 88.5 DL 105.162 88.5 100.162 88.5 DL 110.162 88.5 105.162 88.5 DL 115.162 88.5 110.162 88.5 DL 120.162 88.5 115.162 88.5 DL 125.162 88.5 120.162 88.5 DL 130.162 88.5 125.162 88.5 DL 135.162 88.5 130.162 88.5 DL 140.162 88.5 135.162 88.5 DL 145.162 88.5 140.162 88.5 DL 150.162 88.5 145.162 88.5 DL 155.162 88.5 150.162 88.5 DL 160.162 88.5 155.162 88.5 DL 165.162 88.5 160.162 88.5 DL 170.162 88.5 165.162 88.5 DL 175.162 88.5 170.162 88.5 DL 180.162 88.5 175.162 88.5 DL 185.162 88.5 180.162 88.5 DL 190.162 88.5 185.162 88.5 DL 195.162 88.5 190.162 88.5 DL 200.162 88.5 195.162 88.5 DL 205.162 88.5 200.162 88.5 DL 102 98.5 97 98.5 DL 105.162 98.5 100.162 98.5 DL 110.162 98.5 105.162 98.5 DL 115.162 98.5 110.162 98.5 DL 120.162 98.5 115.162 98.5 DL 125.162 98.5 120.162 98.5 DL 130.162 98.5 125.162 98.5 DL 135.162 98.5 130.162 98.5 DL 140.162 98.5 135.162 98.5 DL 145.162 98.5 140.162 98.5 DL 150.162 98.5 145.162 98.5 DL 155.162 98.5 150.162 98.5 DL 160.162 98.5 155.162 98.5 DL 165.162 98.5 160.162 98.5 DL 170.162 98.5 165.162 98.5 DL 175.162 98.5 170.162 98.5 DL 180.162 98.5 175.162 98.5 DL 185.162 98.5 180.162 98.5 DL 190.162 98.5 185.162 98.5 DL 195.162 98.5 190.162 98.5 DL 200.162 98.5 195.162 98.5 DL 205.162 98.5 200.162 98.5 DL(after \214rst running)72 112.2 Q 97 120.9 97 130.9 DL(src/mandb man) 98.666 128.4 Q 161.712 120.9 161.712 130.9 DL 102 120.9 97 120.9 DL 106.712 120.9 101.712 120.9 DL 111.712 120.9 106.712 120.9 DL 116.712 120.9 111.712 120.9 DL 121.712 120.9 116.712 120.9 DL 126.712 120.9 121.712 120.9 DL 131.712 120.9 126.712 120.9 DL 136.712 120.9 131.712 120.9 DL 141.712 120.9 136.712 120.9 DL 146.712 120.9 141.712 120.9 DL 151.712 120.9 146.712 120.9 DL 156.712 120.9 151.712 120.9 DL 161.712 120.9 156.712 120.9 DL 102 130.9 97 130.9 DL 106.712 130.9 101.712 130.9 DL 111.712 130.9 106.712 130.9 DL 116.712 130.9 111.712 130.9 DL 121.712 130.9 116.712 130.9 DL 126.712 130.9 121.712 130.9 DL 131.712 130.9 126.712 130.9 DL 136.712 130.9 131.712 130.9 DL 141.712 130.9 136.712 130.9 DL 146.712 130.9 141.712 130.9 DL 151.712 130.9 146.712 130.9 DL 156.712 130.9 151.712 130.9 DL 161.712 130.9 156.712 130.9 DL (from the top le)72 144.6 Q -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.5(lb).15 G (uild directory is included belo)-2.7 E -.65(w.)-.25 G($v)72 160.8 Q (ersion$ -> "2.5.0")-.15 E(accessdb -> "- 8 8 1410381979 324541691 A - \ - - dumps the content of a man-db database in a human readable format") 72 172.8 Q(apropos -> "- 1 1 1410381979 268541692 A - - - search the ma\ nual page names and descriptions")72 184.8 Q(catman -> "- 8 8 141038197\ 9 328541691 A - - - create or update the pre-formatted manual pages")72 196.8 Q(le)72 208.8 Q(xgrog -> "- 1 1 1410381979 268541692 A - - - pars\ e header information in man pages")-.15 E (man -> "- 1 1 1410381979 280541692 A - t - an interf)72 220.8 Q (ace to the system reference manuals")-.1 E(mancon)72 232.8 Q 2.5(v-)-.4 G 2.5(>")-2.5 G 2.5(-111)-2.5 G(410381979 272541692 A - - - con)-2.5 E -.15(ve)-.4 G(rt manual page from one encoding to another").15 E(mandb \ -> "- 8 8 1410381979 324541691 A - t - create or update the manual page\ inde)72 244.8 Q 2.5(xc)-.15 G(aches")-2.5 E (manpath -> " manpath 5 manpath 1")72 256.8 Q(manpath~1 -> "- 1 1 14103\ 81979 300541691 A - - - determine search path for manual pages")72 268.8 Q(manpath~5 -> "- 5 5 1410381979 304541691 A - - - format of the /etc/m\ anpath.con\214g \214le")72 280.8 Q(whatis -> "- 1 1 1410381979 30054169\ 1 A - - - display one-line manual page descriptions")72 292.8 Q(zsoelim\ -> "- 1 1 1410381979 304541691 A - - - satisfy .so requests in rof)72 304.8 Q 2.5(fi)-.25 G(nput")-2.5 E F0 2.5(6.3. Database)72 328.8 R (types)2.5 E F1 .574(man\255db has support for v)72 345 R .574 (arious lo)-.25 F 3.074(wl)-.25 G -2.15 -.25(ev e)-3.074 H 3.074(ld).25 G .574(atabase libraries commonly in use today)-3.074 F 5.575(.T)-.65 G .575(he interf)-5.575 F .575(aces to the)-.1 F(libraries are kno)72 357 Q(wn as)-.25 E 5<836e>77 373.2 S(dbm \()-5 E/F2 9/Times-Bold@0 SF(UNIX)A F1(\))A 5<8367>77 385.2 S(dbm \()-5 E F2(GNU)A F1(\))A 5<8362>77 397.2 S (tree \(Berk)-5 E(ele)-.1 E 2.5(yD)-.15 G(B\))-2.5 E (man\255db currently does not hold more than one database open at an)72 413.4 Q 2.5(yt)-.15 G(ime, so)-2.5 E 5<8364>77 429.6 S(bm \()-5 E F2 (UNIX)A F1(\))A(support could be added in the future.)72 445.8 Q F0 2.5 (6.4. Limitations)72 469.8 R F1(The general dif)72 486 Q (ferences and limitations are best compared in a table.)-.25 E 457.77 506.7 118.23 506.7 DL(Content memory)270.14 516.2 Q 345.56 520.7 262.22 520.7 DL(File)229.655 517.2 Q(Concurrent)353.205 517.2 Q 27.565 (name type)226.605 530.2 R 22.37(limit access)23.61 F(Name)123.23 523.2 Q -.8(Ty)173.755 523.2 S(pe).8 E(Shareable)413.34 523.2 Q 457.77 534.7 118.23 534.7 DL 13.6(ndbm hash)123.23 546.2 R(inde)39.71 E(x)-.15 E/F3 7 /Times-Roman@0 SF(10)-4 I F1 25.83(static 1Kb)20.5 4 N 38.34(none no) 16.68 F 13.6(gdbm hash)123.23 558.2 R(inde)39.71 E 12.5 (x.db dynamic \255)-.15 F(\214le locking)28.26 E(no)15 E 16.39 (btree binary)123.23 570.2 R 12.5(tree inde)2.5 F 14.72(x.bt static)-.15 F 28.26<ad6e>28.33 G 38.34(one yes)-28.26 F 457.77 574.7 118.23 574.7 DL 405.84 506.7 405.84 574.7 DL 345.56 506.7 345.56 574.7 DL 311.66 520.7 311.66 574.7 DL 262.22 506.7 262.22 574.7 DL 212.65 506.7 212.65 574.7 DL 154.61 506.7 154.61 574.7 DL 457.77 506.7 457.77 574.7 DL 118.23 506.7 118.23 574.7 DL .09(Those types that ha)72 598.4 R .39 -.15(ve n) -.2 H 2.59(ob).15 G .09(uilt in concurrent access strate)-2.79 F .09 (gy are pro)-.15 F .09(vided with)-.15 F F0(\215ock)2.59 E F1 .09 (\(2\) based \214le locking by)B(man\255db)72 610.4 Q(.)-.4 E(Berk)72 626.6 Q(ele)-.1 E 2.999(yD)-.15 G 2.999(Bi)-2.999 G .499 (nitializes its databases v)-2.999 F .499(ery quickly)-.15 F 2.999(,s) -.65 G(o)-2.999 E F0(btr)2.999 E(ee)-.18 E F1 .498(may ha)2.998 F .798 -.15(ve s)-.2 H .498(ome performance adv).15 F .498(antages when)-.25 F (doing)72 638.6 Q F0(man)2.952 E F1 2.952(searches. Ho)2.952 F(we)-.25 E -.15(ve)-.25 G 1.252 -.4(r, i).15 H 2.952(ti).4 G 2.953(sq)-2.952 G .453 (uite hea)-2.953 F .453(vyweight and its library SON)-.2 F .453 (AME and on-disk formats ha)-.35 F -.15(ve)-.2 G .71 (changed a number of times to pro)72 650.6 R .71 (vide features considerably be)-.15 F .71 (yond what man\255db needs, so the preferred)-.15 F .466(library interf) 72 662.6 R .466(ace is no)-.1 F(w)-.25 E F0(gdbm)2.966 E F1(.)A F0 (con\214gur)5.466 E(e)-.18 E F1 .466(will look for)2.966 F F0(gdbm)2.966 E F1(,)A F0(btr)2.966 E(ee)-.18 E F1 .466(and then \214nally)2.966 F F0 (ndbm)2.967 E F1 .467(routines when)2.967 F .32 LW 76 672.2 72 672.2 DL 80 672.2 76 672.2 DL 84 672.2 80 672.2 DL 88 672.2 84 672.2 DL 92 672.2 88 672.2 DL 96 672.2 92 672.2 DL 100 672.2 96 672.2 DL 104 672.2 100 672.2 DL 108 672.2 104 672.2 DL 112 672.2 108 672.2 DL 116 672.2 112 672.2 DL 120 672.2 116 672.2 DL 124 672.2 120 672.2 DL 128 672.2 124 672.2 DL 132 672.2 128 672.2 DL 136 672.2 132 672.2 DL 140 672.2 136 672.2 DL 144 672.2 140 672.2 DL 148 672.2 144 672.2 DL 152 672.2 148 672.2 DL 156 672.2 152 672.2 DL 160 672.2 156 672.2 DL 164 672.2 160 672.2 DL 168 672.2 164 672.2 DL 172 672.2 168 672.2 DL 176 672.2 172 672.2 DL 180 672.2 176 672.2 DL 184 672.2 180 672.2 DL 188 672.2 184 672.2 DL 192 672.2 188 672.2 DL 196 672.2 192 672.2 DL 200 672.2 196 672.2 DL 204 672.2 200 672.2 DL 208 672.2 204 672.2 DL 212 672.2 208 672.2 DL 216 672.2 212 672.2 DL/F4 5/Times-Roman@0 SF(10)93.6 682.6 Q/F5 8/Times-Roman@0 SF .142(ndbm databases are ph)2.143 3.2 N .142 (ysically represented by tw)-.04 F 2.142<6f8c>-.08 G(les,)-2.142 E/F6 8 /Times-Italic@0 SF(inde)2.142 E(x.dir)-.16 E F5(and)2.142 E F6(inde) 2.142 E(x.pa)-.16 E(g)-.08 E F5 2.142(,b)C .142 (ut are referred to simply as)-2.302 F F6(inde)2.142 E(x)-.16 E F5 .142 (by the in-)2.142 F(terf)72 695.4 Q(ace routines.)-.08 E F0(17)283 756 Q 0 Cg EP %%Page: 18 20 %%BeginPageSetup BP %%EndPageSetup /F0 10/Times-Bold@0 SF 165.29(man\255db v2.9.3)72 60 R -.15(Ju)150.59 G (ne 9, 2025).15 E/F1 10/Times-Roman@0 SF(con\214guring man\255db)72 96 Q (.)-.4 E F0 2.5(6.5. Sharing)72 120 R(databases in a heter)2.5 E (ogeneous en)-.18 E(vir)-.4 E(onment)-.18 E F1 1.244 (It may be necessary or adv)72 132 R 1.244 (antageous to share databases across platforms, re)-.25 F -.05(ga)-.15 G 1.244(rdless of the potential \214le).05 F(locking problems.)72 144 Q .267(An e)72 160.2 R .267(xample w)-.15 F .267(ould be a user ha)-.1 F .268(ving a personal manual page hierarch)-.2 F 2.768(yi)-.05 G 2.768 (na)-2.768 G 2.768(nN)-2.768 G .268(FS based home directory en-)-2.768 F .529(vironment, whereby the home directory is held on and mounted from \ a single machine in a heterogeneous)72 172.2 R(netw)72 184.2 Q(ork.)-.1 E .618(In this conte)72 200.4 R .619(xt, the database cache will ha)-.15 F .919 -.15(ve t)-.2 H .619 (he same name and reside in the same place on all machines.).15 F (There are at least tw)72 212.4 Q 2.5(ow)-.1 G (ays to deal with this problem.)-2.6 E 5<8348>77 228.6 S .315(ack the)-5 F/F2 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(include/mancon\214g)2.815 E(.h)-.15 E F1 .315 (\214le on each platform to pro)2.815 F .314 (vide a unique database name for each system.)-.15 F (No databases will be shared.)85.5 240.6 Q 5<8349>77 252.6 S 1.134 (nstall and use the Berk)-5 F(ele)-.1 E 3.634(yD)-.15 G 3.635(Bd)-3.634 G 1.135(atabase interf)-3.635 F 1.135(ace library on each platform.)-.1 F 1.135(These databases can be)6.135 F 1.21(shared across big-endian/li\ ttle-endian platforms although a database created on a big-endian platf\ orm)85.5 264.6 R(will suf)85.5 276.6 Q(fer a small access penalty when \ used by a litle-endian machine and vice-v)-.25 E(ersa.)-.15 E F0(18)283 756 Q 0 Cg EP %%Page: 19 21 %%BeginPageSetup BP %%EndPageSetup /F0 10/Times-Bold@0 SF 165.29(man\255db v2.9.3)72 60 R -.15(Ju)150.59 G (ne 9, 2025).15 E 2.5(7. Miscellaneous)72 96 R 2.5(7.1. Modes)72 120 R (of operation)2.5 E/F1 10/Times-Roman@0 SF .455 (The man\255db utilities can operate in man)72 136.2 R 2.956(yd)-.15 G (if)-2.956 E .456(ferent modes, allo)-.25 F .456(wing v)-.25 F .456 (arying de)-.25 F .456(grees of freedom, function-)-.15 F (ality and security)72 148.2 Q 5(.N)-.65 G 2.5(om)-5 G (ode requires that the manual page hierarchies be writable.)-2.5 E (\(1\) Def)72 164.4 Q(ault mode)-.1 E F0(man)97 176.4 Q F1 .327 (is setuid to the user MAN_O)2.827 F .326(WNER which is `man' by def) -.35 F .326(ault and is changeable via options to)-.1 F F0(con\214gur)97 188.4 Q(e)-.18 E F1(.)A F0(mandb)6.755 E F1 4.255(,i)C 4.256(fr)-4.255 G 1.756(un by the superuser or MAN_O)-4.256 F 1.756 (WNER, creates globally accessible inde)-.35 F(x)-.15 E 1.49 (databases o)97 200.4 R 1.49(wned by MAN_O)-.25 F 3.989(WNER. Once)-.35 F 1.489(the databases are created,)3.989 F F0(man)3.989 E F1 1.489 (will update entries in)3.989 F .018(them if it \214nds ne)97 212.4 R .018(wly installed manual pages \(if the)-.25 F F0(\255\255update)2.518 E F1 .019(\215ag is used\) or delete entries if manual)2.518 F .564 (pages are remo)97 224.4 R -.15(ve)-.15 G 3.064(d. In).15 F .563 (this mode it is possible for a malicious)3.064 F F0(man)3.063 E F1 .563 (user to deliberately lock a data-)3.063 F(base as a writer)97 236.4 Q 2.5(,t)-.4 G(hus den)-2.5 E(ying read access to other users.)-.15 E 1.07 (If cat directories e)97 248.4 R 1.07(xist and ha)-.15 F 1.37 -.15(ve t) -.2 H 1.071(he correct permissions,).15 F F0(man)3.571 E F1 1.071 (will tak)3.571 F 3.571(ec)-.1 G 1.071(are of producing cat \214les.) -3.571 F .278(These will be o)97 260.4 R .278(wned by MAN_O)-.25 F 2.777 (WNER. The)-.35 F(def)2.777 E .277 (ault permissions of both cat \214les and databases are)-.1 F(0644.)97 272.4 Q(\(2\) No man database updates)72 288.6 Q .098 (This mode also requires)97 300.6 R F0(man)2.599 E F1 .099 (to be setuid, b)2.599 F .099(ut is f)-.2 F -.2(avo)-.1 G .099 (ured where databases must be shared in an en).2 F(vi-)-.4 E .883 (ronment unfriendly to k)97 312.6 R .883(ernel locking procedures, e)-.1 F .883(g. NFS.)-.15 F .883(It also pre)5.883 F -.15(ve)-.25 G .883 (nts possible \231denial of ser).15 F(-)-.2 E .305 (vice\232 attacks by malicious)97 324.6 R F0(man)2.805 E F1 .305 (users as)2.805 F F0(man)2.805 E F1(ne)2.805 E -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.805(ro) .15 G .305(pens the databases as a writer in this mode.)-2.805 F -.8(To) 5.305 G .228(replace the functionality lost by disallo)97 336.6 R(wing) -.25 E F0(man)2.727 E F1 .227(write access to the databases,)2.727 F F0 (mandb)2.727 E F1 .227(should be re-)2.727 F .03(run whene)97 348.6 R -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.53(rn).15 G .53 -.25(ew m)-2.53 H .03 (anual pages are installed.).25 F(Otherwise,)5.03 E F0(man)2.53 E F1 .03 (will not be able to use the database to)2.53 F .222 (\214nd and display the ne)97 360.6 R .221 (wly added manual pages, and will ha)-.25 F .521 -.15(ve t)-.2 H 2.721 (ou).15 G .221(se the \214lesystem instead.)-2.721 F .221(Each in-)5.221 F(de)97 372.6 Q 3.108(xd)-.15 G .608(atabase may be o)-3.108 F .609 (wned by an arbitrary user who will ha)-.25 F .909 -.15(ve s)-.2 H .609 (ubsequent write access to the data-).15 F 2.5(base. Cat)97 384.6 R (\214les are created in the same w)2.5 E(ay as for mode \(1\) abo)-.1 E -.15(ve)-.15 G(.).15 E 1.6 -.8(To u)97 396.6 T (se the man\255db utilities in this mode, gi).8 E .3 -.15(ve t)-.25 H (he option `\255\255disable\255automatic\255update' to).15 E F0 (con\214gur)2.5 E(e)-.18 E F1(.)A (\(3\) No man database updates or cat production)72 412.8 Q F0(man)97 424.8 Q F1 .023(is installed not setuid.)2.523 F .022 (This mode of operation probably of)5.023 F .022(fers the highest le) -.25 F -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.522(lo).15 G 2.522(fs)-2.522 G .022(ecurity b) -2.522 F .022(ut it)-.2 F 1.028(requires higher le)97 436.8 R -.15(ve) -.25 G 1.029(ls of maintenance than other modes due to the restrictions\ imposed upon).15 F F0(man)3.529 E F1(.)A .447(Each database is o)97 448.8 R .447(wned by an arbitrary user as in mode \(2\).)-.25 F .447 (Each cat hierarch)5.447 F 2.947(yi)-.05 G 2.947(sa)-2.947 G .446(lso o) -2.947 F .446(wned by an)-.25 F .682 (arbitrary user who is responsible for creating cat \214les using)97 460.8 R F0(catman)3.183 E F1(whene)3.183 E -.15(ve)-.25 G 3.183(rn).15 G 1.183 -.25(ew m)-3.183 H .683(anual \214les are).25 F(installed.)97 472.8 Q F0(man)5.348 E F1 .348(will be completely passi)2.848 F .648 -.15(ve i)-.25 H 2.848(ni).15 G .348(ts action, i.e. no inde)-2.848 F 2.847(xd)-.15 G .347(atabases will be written to and)-2.847 F (no cat \214les are e)97 484.8 Q -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.5(rp).15 G(roduced.) -2.5 E 1.962 -.8(To u)97 496.8 T .362(se the man\255db utilities in thi\ s mode, supply the options `\255\255disable\255cache\255o).8 F .363 (wner \255\255disable\255se-)-.25 F .354(tuid \255\255disable\255automa\ tic\255update \255\255disable\255cats' to)97 508.8 R F0(con\214gur)2.854 E(e)-.18 E F1 2.853(,o)C 2.853(rb)-2.853 G .353 (uild man\255db as in mode \(1\) and)-3.053 F (install the binaries without the setuid bit set.)97 520.8 Q(\(4\) W)72 537 Q(ide open)-.4 E F0(man)97 549 Q F1 .126(is installed not setuid.) 2.626 F .127(This mode is similar in operation to the majority of v) 5.126 F .127(endor supplied, non)-.15 F .451 (setuid, cat \214le supporting manual pager suites.)97 561 R .451 (It is not recommended.)5.451 F .45(The databases are o)5.45 F .45 (wned by)-.25 F .894(an arbitrary user who maintains them using)97 573 R F0(mandb)3.395 E F1(.)A F0(man)5.895 E F1 .895 (does not update the databases.)3.395 F .895(Cat \214les)5.895 F (are produced and stored in w)97 585 Q (orld writable cat directories and ha)-.1 E .3 -.15(ve w)-.2 H (orld write access themselv).05 E(es.)-.15 E 1.963 -.8(To u)97 597 T .363(se the man\255db utilities in this mode, supply the options `\255\ \255disable\255cache\255o).8 F .362(wner \255\255disable\255se-)-.25 F .996(tuid \255\255disable\255automatic\255update' to)97 609 R F0 (con\214gur)3.496 E(e)-.18 E F1 3.497(,e)C(dit)-3.497 E/F2 10 /Times-Italic@0 SF(include/mancon\214g)3.497 E(.h)-.15 E F1 .997 (and change the de\214nition)3.497 F(of CA)97 621 Q (TMODE from 0644 to 0666.)-1.11 E .468(Other v)72 637.2 R .468 (ariations can also be used.)-.25 F .467(In f)5.467 F .467 (act it is possible for)-.1 F F0(man)2.967 E F1 .467 (to actually create inde)2.967 F 2.967(xd)-.15 G .467(atabases, usually) -2.967 F .449(the job of)72 649.2 R F0(mandb)2.949 E F1 2.949(,f)C .449 (or users' pri)-2.949 F -.25(va)-.25 G .449(te manual page hierarchies.) .25 F .45(This is enabled by gi)5.449 F .45 (ving the option `\255\255en-)-.25 F(able\255automatic\255create' to)72 661.2 Q F0(con\214gur)2.5 E(e)-.18 E F1(.)A(In summary)72 677.4 Q(,)-.65 E F2(include/mancon\214g)2.5 E(.h)-.15 E F1(contains de\214nitions for) 2.5 E 5<8343>77 693.6 S -1.11(AT)-5 G(MODE)1.11 E 5<8344>77 705.6 S (BMODE)-5 E F0(19)283 756 Q 0 Cg EP %%Page: 20 22 %%BeginPageSetup BP %%EndPageSetup /F0 10/Times-Bold@0 SF 165.29(man\255db v2.9.3)72 60 R -.15(Ju)150.59 G (ne 9, 2025).15 E/F1 10/Times-Roman@0 SF .019 (the setuid installation and operation of)72 96 R F0(man)2.518 E F1 .018 (is modi\214ed by supplying either of the follo)2.518 F .018 (wing options to)-.25 F F0(con-)2.518 E(\214gur)72 108 Q(e)-.18 E F1(:)A 5<83ad>77 124.2 S(\255enable\255setuid)-5 E 5<83ad>77 136.2 S (\255disable\255setuid)-5 E(and other aspects of)72 152.4 Q F0(man)2.5 E F1 1.1 -.55('s b)D(eha).55 E(viour are controlled by the follo)-.2 E (wing options to)-.25 E F0(con\214gur)2.5 E(e)-.18 E F1(:)A 5<83ad>77 168.6 S(\255enable\255automatic\255create)-5 E 5<83ad>77 180.6 S (\255disable\255automatic\255update)-5 E 5<83ad>77 192.6 S (\255disable\255cats)-5 E F0 2.5(7.2. NFS)72 216.6 R -.18(ro)2.5 G (ot squash).18 E F1(If)72 232.8 Q F0(man)3.081 E F1 .581(is installed s\ etuid to an arbitrary user and is run by root, instead of g)3.081 F .582 (aining the ef)-.05 F(fecti)-.25 E .882 -.15(ve u)-.25 H .582(ser id of) .15 F 1.025(the setuid user)72 244.8 R(,)-.4 E F0(man)3.525 E F1 1.025 (is run with both uid and euid as root.)3.525 F 1.024 (This is neccesary due to infelicities with the)6.024 F F0(POSIX)72 256.8 Q F1 1.211(setuid\(\) function call:)3.711 F 1.212(All users e) 6.212 F 1.212(xcept root may change to and from the ef)-.15 F(fecti)-.25 E 1.512 -.15(ve \()-.25 H 1.212(setuid\) user).15 F(,)-.4 E(ho)72 268.8 Q(we)-.25 E -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.5(ro).15 G (nce root has setuid\(user\), there is no w)-2.5 E(ay back.)-.1 E 3.384 (As)72 285 S .884(ide ef)-3.384 F .884(fect of this is that)-.25 F F0 (NFS)3.383 E F1 .883 (mounted cat hierarchies or databases will be unwritable if the follo) 3.383 F(wing)-.25 E(conditions e)72 297 Q(xist:)-.15 E 5<836d>77 313.2 S (an/catman/mandb is run by root)-5 E 5<8354>77 325.2 S (he NFS mount has the root squash \215ag set)-5 E 1.912 -.8(To g)72 341.4 T .312(et around this problem, the root user must \214rst attain \ the ID of the cat hierarch).8 F 2.812(yo)-.05 G 2.812(rd)-2.812 G .312 (atabase o)-2.812 F .312(wner be-)-.25 F(fore running)72 353.4 Q F0 (man/catman/mandb)2.5 E F1(whene)2.5 E -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.5(rt).15 G (he databases need updating or cat \214les are to be produced.)-2.5 E F0 2.5(7.3. NLS)72 377.4 R(message catalogues)2.5 E F1 .576 (man\255db has b)72 393.6 R .576(uilt in support for nati)-.2 F .876 -.15(ve l)-.25 H .576(anguage message catalogues.).15 F .576 (That is, it can issue messages in the)5.576 F .444(locale of the user') 72 405.6 R 2.944(sc)-.55 G 2.944(hoice. This)-2.944 F .445 (will only occur if the locale')2.945 F 2.945(st)-.55 G .445 (ranslation has been written.)-2.945 F .445(Before under)5.445 F(-)-.2 E .868(taking a translation, please contact the T)72 417.6 R .867 (ranslation Project \(https://translationproject.or)-.35 F .867 (g/\) who are coordi-)-.18 F(nating such acti)72 429.6 Q(vities.)-.25 E F0 2.5(7.4. Cr)72 453.6 R(edits)-.18 E F1 .685(The authors w)72 469.8 R .685(ould lik)-.1 F 3.185(et)-.1 G 3.185(ot)-3.185 G .685 (hank the follo)-3.185 F .685(wing people for their time, ef)-.25 F .686 (fort, support, ideas and code which)-.25 F(went into man\255db:)72 481.8 Q(Markus Armbruster <armbru@pond.sub)112 498 Q(.or)-.4 E(g>)-.18 E (Lionel Cons & colleages <cons@dxcern.cern.ch>)112 510 Q (Carl Edman <cedman@princeton.edu>)112 522 Q (Caleb Epstein <epstein_caleb@jpmor)112 534 Q -.05(ga)-.18 G(n.com>).05 E(Lars Fenneber)112 546 Q 2.5(g<)-.18 G(lf@gimli.comlink.de>)-2.5 E (Zoltan Hidv)112 558 Q -.15(eg)-.15 G 2.5(i<).15 G(hzoli@cs.elte.hu>) -2.5 E(Nils Magnus <magnus@unix-ag.uni-kl.de>)112 570 Q (Daniel Quinlan <quinlan@yggdrasil.com>)112 582 Q -.15(Fa)112 594 S (brizio Polacco <fpolacco@debian.or).15 E(g>)-.18 E (Gordon Sadler <gbsadler1@lcisp.com>)112 606 Q (Colin Phipps <cph@cph.demon.co.uk>)112 618 Q -.15(Pa)112 630 S (ul Slootman <paul@wurtel.net>).15 E(Jose Rodriguez <boriel@airtel.net>) 112 642 Q(Eirik Fuller <eirik@hackrat.com>)112 654 Q(Matej V)112 666 Q (ela <v)-1.11 E(ela@debian.or)-.15 E(g>)-.18 E (Clint Adams <schizo@debian.or)112 678 Q(g>)-.18 E (Jeremy C. Reed <reed@reedmedia.net>)112 690 Q (Erik Andersen <andersen@codepoet.or)112 702 Q(g>)-.18 E (Giuseppe Sacco <eppesuig@debian.or)112 714 Q(g>)-.18 E F0(20)283 756 Q 0 Cg EP %%Page: 21 23 %%BeginPageSetup BP %%EndPageSetup /F0 10/Times-Bold@0 SF 165.29(man\255db v2.9.3)72 60 R -.15(Ju)150.59 G (ne 9, 2025).15 E/F1 10/Times-Roman@0 SF(Da)112 96 Q(vid W)-.2 E (einehall <tao@debian.or)-.8 E(g>)-.18 E(Ralph Cordero)112 108 Q 2.5(y<) -.1 G(ralph@inputplus.co.uk>)-2.5 E -1.11(Yu)112 120 S(ri K)1.11 E(ozlo) -.35 E 2.5(v<)-.15 G -.1(ko)-2.5 G(zlo).1 E -.65(v.)-.15 G(y@gmail.com>) .65 E(Henning Makholm <henning@makholm.net>)112 132 Q(Lars W)112 144 Q (irzenius <liw@iki.\214>)-.4 E (Nicolas Fran\347ois <nicolas.francois@centraliens.net>)112 156 Q(Iv)112 168 Q(an Shmak)-.25 E .3 -.15(ov <)-.1 H(oneingray@gmail.com>).15 E (Peter Breitenlohner <peb@mppmu.mpg.de>)112 180 Q (Robert Luberda <robert@debian.or)112 192 Q(g>)-.18 E(Chusslo)112 204 Q .3 -.15(ve I)-.15 H(llich <casla).15 E -.65(v.)-.2 G(ilic@gmx.net>).65 E (and all those translators listed in the)72 220.2 Q F0(man/THANKS)2.5 E F1(\214le.)2.5 E F0(21)283 756 Q 0 Cg EP %%Page: 1 24 %%BeginPageSetup BP %%EndPageSetup /F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF(Glossary)270.225 96 Q(manual page)72 124.2 Q 3.557<418c>97 136.2 S 1.056(le containing descriptions related to the u\ se of a function or program or the structure of a \214le.)-3.557 F .1(T\ he name of the \214le is formed from the title of the manual page follo) 97 148.2 R .101(wed by a period follo)-.25 F .101(wed by the)-.25 F .676 (name of the section that it resides in, optionally follo)97 160.2 R .675(wed by an e)-.25 F 3.175(xtension. 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Introduction)72 134.8 R 28.5(..........................................................\ .......................................................................\ ... 1)4.06 F 2.5(1.1 man\255db)84.5 149.2 R 28.5(......................\ .......................................................................\ ....................................... 1)3.14 F 2.5(1.1.1 The)102 163.6 R 1.85(concept ........................................................\ ...........................................................)2.5 F(1)31 E 2.5(1.2 The)84.5 178 R(manual page system)2.5 E 28.5(..................\ .......................................................................\ ................ 2)4.35 F 2.5(1.3 Sections)84.5 192.4 R(of the manual) 2.5 E 28.5(............................................................\ ................................................ 2)4.62 F 2.5(1.4 The) 84.5 206.8 R(format of manual pages)2.5 E 28.5(........................\ .......................................................................\ ..... 2)3.25 F 2.5(1.5 Ar)84.5 221.2 R(guments to con\214gure)-.18 E 28.5(..................................................................\ ......................................... 3)3.69 F 2.5(2. The)72 248 R (speci\214cs of Sections)2.5 E 28.5(...................................\ .......................................................................\ ...... 5)3.79 F 2.5(2.1 P)84.5 262.4 R (ackage speci\214c manual page sections)-.15 E 28.5(...................\ ................................................................ 5)4.24 F 2.5(2.2 Selecting)84.5 276.8 R 2.5(as)2.5 G(ection type)-2.5 E 28.5(.\ .......................................................................\ ................................... 5)3.79 F 2.5(2.2.1 Specifying)102 291.2 R 2.5(as)2.5 G 2.4(ection .......................................\ ...............................................................)-2.5 F (5)31 E 2.5(2.2.2 Specifying)102 305.6 R(an e)2.5 E .05(xtension ......\ .......................................................................\ ....................)-.15 F(6)31 E 2.5(3. Filesystem)72 332.4 R .17(str\ ucture ................................................................\ ........................................................)2.5 F(7)31 E 2.5(3.1 Manual)84.5 346.8 R(page hierarchies)2.5 E 28.5(...............\ .......................................................................\ .................... 7)2.7 F 2.5(3.2 Setting)84.5 361.2 R(the MANP)2.5 E -1.11(AT)-.92 G 3.03(H.)1.11 G 28.5(...................................\ .......................................................................\ . 7)-3.03 F 2.5(3.3 Determination)84.5 375.6 R(of the internal manpath) 2.5 E 28.5(............................................................\ ........................ 7)2.69 F 2.5(3.4 Other)84.5 390 R(OS')2.5 E 2.5 (sm)-.55 G(anual pages)-2.5 E 28.5(....................................\ .................................................................... 8) 4.07 F 2.5(3.5 NLS)84.5 404.4 R(manual pages)2.5 E 28.5(...............\ .......................................................................\ ............................ 8)4.9 F 2.5(3.5.1 ISO)102 418.8 R (8859-1 \(latin1\) manual pages)2.5 E 23.5(............................\ .................................................... 10)4.91 F 2.5 (3.5.2 Displaying)102 433.2 R (non-ASCII characters on a Linux virtual terminal)2.5 E 23.5 (..................................... 10)4.37 F 2.5(3.5.3 V)102 447.6 R (ie)-.6 E(wing ASCII pages formatted for latin1 output de)-.25 E 1.3 (vice .............................................)-.25 F(10)26 E 2.5 (3.6 Cat)84.5 462 R 1.84(pages ........................................\ .......................................................................\ ..................)2.5 F(10)26 E 2.5(3.7 Cat)84.5 476.4 R (page hierarchies)2.5 E 23.5(..........................................\ ...................................................................... \ 11)4.36 F 2.5(3.8 Local)84.5 490.8 R(cat page directory caches)2.5 E 23.5(..................................................................\ ............................ 11)4.94 F 2.5(4. 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F)72 587.6 R 1.7(ormatting .......\ .......................................................................\ ........................................................)-.15 F(13)26 E (5.1)84.5 602 Q/F1 9/Times-Bold@0 SF(GR)5 E(OFF)-.27 E F0 23.5(........\ .......................................................................\ ..................................................... 13)4.77 F 2.5 (5.2 De)84.5 616.4 R 1.54(vices .......................................\ .......................................................................\ ......................)-.25 F(13)26 E 2.5(5.3 Macros)84.5 630.8 R 23.5(\ .......................................................................\ .............................................................. 13)3.51 F 2.5(5.4 Pre-format)84.5 645.2 R(processors \(pre-processors\))2.5 E 23.5 (......................................................................\ ............. 13)3 F 2.5(5.5 F)84.5 659.6 R(ormat scripts)-.15 E 23.5(.\ .......................................................................\ .................................................. 14)3.65 F 2.5(6. The) 72 686.4 R(inde)2.5 E 2.5(xd)-.15 G(atabase caches)-2.5 E 23.5(........\ .......................................................................\ .............................. 15)4.8 F 2.5(6.1 inde)84.5 700.8 R 2.5 (xd)-.15 G(atabase location)-2.5 E 23.5(...............................\ .......................................................................\ ..... 15)4.78 F 2.5(6.1.1 Manual)102 715.2 R(hierarchies with no inde) 2.5 E 2.5(xd)-.15 G 2.3(atabase .......................................\ ...........................)-2.5 F(15)26 E/F2 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(i) 286.61 756 Q 0 Cg EP %%Page: 2 26 %%BeginPageSetup BP %%EndPageSetup /F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF 2.5(6.1.2 User)102 96 R(manual page hierarchies) 2.5 E 23.5(............................................................\ ........................... 15)4.93 F 2.5(6.2 Contents)84.5 110.4 R (of an inde)2.5 E 2.5(xd)-.15 G 1.17(atabase ..........................\ .......................................................................) -2.5 F(15)26 E 2.5(6.2.1 F)102 124.8 R -.2(avo)-.15 G(uring stray cats) .2 E 23.5(.............................................................\ .......................................... 16)2.95 F 2.5(6.2.2 Accessdb) 102 139.2 R 23.5(......................................................\ .................................................................. 16) 2.68 F 2.5(6.2.3 Example)102 153.6 R 1.02(database ....................\ .......................................................................\ ...............)2.5 F(16)26 E 2.5(6.3 Database)84.5 168 R .74(types ...\ .......................................................................\ ...............................................)2.5 F(17)26 E 2.5 (6.4 Limitations)84.5 182.4 R 23.5(....................................\ .......................................................................\ ................... 17)4.88 F 2.5(6.5 Sharing)84.5 196.8 R (databases in a heterogeneous en)2.5 E 1.44(vironment .................\ ...............................................)-.4 F(18)26 E 2.5 (7. 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