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# Contributing to OpenEXR Thank you for your interest in contributing to OpenEXR. This document explains our contribution process and procedures: * [Getting Information](#Getting-Information) * [Legal Requirements](#Legal-Requirements) * [Development Workflow](#Development-Workflow) * [Coding Style](#Coding-Style) * [Versioning Policy](#Versioning-Policy) * [Creating a Release](#Creating-a-Release) For a description of the roles and responsibilities of the various members of the OpenEXR community, see [GOVERNANCE](GOVERNANCE.md), and for further details, see the project's [Technical Charter](ASWF/charter/OpenEXR-Technical-Charter.md). Briefly, Contributors are anyone who submits content to the project, Committers review and approve such submissions, and the Technical Steering Committee provides general project oversight. ## Getting Information There are two primary ways to connect with the OpenEXR project: * The [openexr-dev](https://lists.aswf.io/g/openexr-dev) mail list: This is a development focused mail list with a deep history of technical conversations and decisions that have shaped the project. * [GitHub Issues](https://github.com/AcademySoftwareFoundation/openexr/issues): GitHub Issues are used both to track bugs and to discuss feature requests. ### How to Ask for Help If you have trouble installing, building, or using the library, but there's not yet reason to suspect you've encountered a genuine bug, start by posting a question to the [openexr-dev](http://lists.aswf.io/openexr-dev) mailing list. This is the place for question such has "How do I...". ### How to Report a Bug OpenEXR use GitHub's issue tracking system for bugs and enhancements: https://github.com/AcademySoftwareFoundation/openexr/issues If you are submitting a bug report, please be sure to note which version of OpenEXR you are using, on what platform (OS/version, which compiler you used, and any special build flags or other unusual environmental issues). Please give a specific account of * what you tried * what happened * what you expected to happen instead with enough detail that others can reproduce the problem. ### How to Request a Change Open a GitHub issue: https://github.com/AcademySoftwareFoundation/openexr/issues. Describe the situation and the objective in as much detail as possible. Feature requests will almost certainly spawn a discussion among the project community. ### How to Report a Security Vulnerability If you think you've found a potential vulnerability in OpenEXR, please refer to [SECURITY.md] to responsibly disclose it. ### How to Contribute a Bug Fix or Change To contribute code to the project, first read over the [GOVERNANCE](GOVERNANCE.md) page to understand the roles involved. You'll need: * A good knowledge of git. * A fork of the GitHub repo. * An understanding of the project's development workflow. * Legal authorization, that is, you need to have signed a Contributor License Agreement. See below for details. ## Legal Requirements OpenEXR is a project of the Academy Software Foundation and follows the open source software best practice policies of the Linux Foundation. ### License OpenEXR is licensed under the [BSD-3-Clause](LICENSE.md) license. Contributions to the library should abide by that standard license. ### Contributor License Agreements Developers who wish to contribute code to be considered for inclusion in the OpenEXR distribution must first complete a **Contributor License Agreement**. OpenEXR uses [EasyCLA](https://lfx.linuxfoundation.org/tools/easycla) for managing CLAs, which automatically checks to ensure CLAs are signed by a contributor before a commit can be merged. * If you are an individual writing the code on your own time and you're SURE you are the sole owner of any intellectual property you contribute, you can [sign the CLA as an individual contributor](https://docs.linuxfoundation.org/lfx/easycla/contributors/individual-contributor). * If you are writing the code as part of your job, or if there is any possibility that your employers might think they own any intellectual property you create, then you should use the [Corporate Contributor Licence Agreement](https://docs.linuxfoundation.org/lfx/easycla/contributors/corporate-contributor). The OpenEXR CLAs are the standard forms used by Linux Foundation projects and [recommended by the ASWF TAC](https://github.com/AcademySoftwareFoundation/tac/blob/master/process/contributing.md#contributor-license-agreement-cla). ### Commit Sign-Off Every commit must be signed off. That is, every commit log message must include a “`Signed-off-by`” line (generated, for example, with “`git commit --signoff`”), indicating that the committer wrote the code and has the right to release it under the [BSD-3-Clause](LICENSE.md) license. See https://github.com/AcademySoftwareFoundation/tac/blob/master/process/contributing.md#contribution-sign-off for more information on this requirement. ## Development Workflow ### Git Basics Working with OpenEXR requires understanding a significant amount of Git and GitHub based terminology. If you’re unfamiliar with these tools or their lingo, please look at the [GitHub Glossary](https://help.github.com/articles/github-glossary/) or browse [GitHub Help](https://help.github.com/). To contribute, you need a GitHub account. This is needed in order to push changes to the upstream repository, via a pull request. You will also need Git installed on your local development machine. If you need setup assistance, please see the official [Git Documentation](https://git-scm.com/doc). ### Repository Structure and Commit Policy The OpenEXR repository uses a simple branching and merging strategy. All development work is done directly on the master branch. The master branch represents the bleeding-edge of the project and most contributions should be done on top of it. After sufficient work is done on the master branch and the OpenEXR leadership determines that a release is due, we will bump the relevant internal versioning and tag a commit with the corresponding version number, e.g. v2.0.1. Each Minor version also has its own “Release Branch”, e.g. RB-1.1. This marks a branch of code dedicated to that Major.Minor version, which allows upstream bug fixes to be cherry-picked to a given version while still allowing the master branch to continue forward onto higher versions. This basic repository structure keeps maintenance low, while remaining simple to understand. To reiterate, the master branch represents the latest development version, so beware that it may include untested features and is not generally stable enough for release. To retrieve a stable version of the source code, use one of the release branches. ### The Git Workflow This development workflow is sometimes referred to as [OneFlow](https://www.endoflineblog.com/oneflow-a-git-branching-model-and-workflow). It leads to a simple, clean, linear edit history in the repo. The OpenEXR GitHub repo allows rebase merging and disallows merge commits and squash merging. This ensures that the repo edit history remains linear, avoiding the "bubbles" characteristic of the [GitFlow](https://www.endoflineblog.com/gitflow-considered-harmful) workflow. ### Use the Fork, Luke. In a typical workflow, you should **fork** the OpenEXR repository to your account. This creates a copy of the repository under your user namespace and serves as the “home base” for your development branches, from which you will submit **pull requests** to the upstream repository to be merged. Once your Git environment is operational, the next step is to locally **clone** your forked OpenEXR repository, and add a **remote** pointing to the upstream OpenEXR repository. These topics are covered in the GitHub documentation [Cloning a repository](https://help.github.com/articles/cloning-a-repository/) and [Configuring a remote for a fork](https://help.github.com/articles/configuring-a-remote-for-a-fork/), but again, if you need assistance feel free to reach out on the openexr-dev@lists.aswf.io mail list. ### Pull Requests Contributions should be submitted as Github pull requests. See [Creating a pull request](https://help.github.com/articles/creating-a-pull-request/) if you're unfamiliar with this concept. The development cycle for a code change should follow this protocol: 1. Create a topic branch in your local repository, following the naming format "feature/<your-feature>" or "bugfix/<your-fix>". 2. Make changes, compile, and test thoroughly. Code style should match existing style and conventions, and changes should be focused on the topic the pull request will be addressing. Make unrelated changes in a separate topic branch with a separate pull request. 3. Push commits to your fork. 4. Create a Github pull request from your topic branch. 5. Pull requests will be reviewed by project Committers and Contributors, who may discuss, offer constructive feedback, request changes, or approve the work. 6. Upon receiving the required number of Committer approvals (as outlined in [Required Approvals](#required-approvals)), a Committer other than the PR contributor may merge changes into the master branch. ### Code Review and Required Approvals Modifications of the contents of the OpenEXR repository are made on a collaborative basis. Anyone with a GitHub account may propose a modification via pull request and it will be considered by the project Committers. Pull requests must meet a minimum number of Committer approvals prior to being merged. Rather than having a hard rule for all PRs, the requirement is based on the complexity and risk of the proposed changes, factoring in the length of time the PR has been open to discussion. The following guidelines outline the project's established approval rules for merging: * Core design decisions, large new features, or anything that might be perceived as changing the overall direction of the project should be discussed at length in the mail list before any PR is submitted, in order to: solicit feedback, try to get as much consensus as possible, and alert all the stakeholders to be on the lookout for the eventual PR when it appears. * Small changes (bug fixes, docs, tests, cleanups) can be approved and merged by a single Committer. * Big changes that can alter behavior, add major features, or present a high degree of risk should be signed off by TWO Committers, ideally one of whom should be the "owner" for that section of the codebase (if a specific owner has been designated). If the person submitting the PR is him/herself the "owner" of that section of the codebase, then only one additional Committer approval is sufficient. But in either case, a 48 hour minimum is helpful to give everybody a chance to see it, unless it's a critical emergency fix (which would probably put it in the previous "small fix" category, rather than a "big feature"). * Escape valve: big changes can nonetheless be merged by a single Committer if the PR has been open for over two weeks without any unaddressed objections from other Committers. At some point, we have to assume that the people who know and care are monitoring the PRs and that an extended period without objections is really assent. Approval must be from Committers who are not authors of the change. If one or more Committers oppose a proposed change, then the change cannot be accepted unless: * Discussions and/or additional changes result in no Committers objecting to the change. Previously-objecting Committers do not necessarily have to sign-off on the change, but they should not be opposed to it. * The change is escalated to the TSC and the TSC votes to approve the change. This should only happen if disagreements between Committers cannot be resolved through discussion. Committers may opt to elevate significant or controversial modifications to the TSC by assigning the `tsc-review` label to a pull request or issue. The TSC should serve as the final arbiter where required. ### Test Policy All functionality in the library must be covered by an automated test. Each library has a companion ``Test`` project - ``ImathTest``, ``HalfTest``, ``OpenEXRTest`, etc. This test suite is collectively expected to validate the behavior of very part of the library. * Any new functionality should be accompanied by a test that validates its behavior. * Any change to existing functionality should have tests added if they don't already exist. The test should should be run, via ``make check``, before submitting a pull request. In addition, the ``OpenEXRFuzzTest`` project validates the library by feeding it corrupted input data. This test is time-consuming (possible over 24 hours), so it will only be run occasionally, but it must succeed before a release is made. ### Project Issue Handling Process Incoming new issues are labeled promptly by the TSC using GitHub labels. The labels include: * **Autotools** - A problem with the autoconf configuration setup. * **Bug** - A bug in the source code. Something appears to be functioning improperly: a compile error, a crash, unexpected behavior, etc. * **Build/Install Issue** - A problem with building or installing the library: configuration file, external dependency, a compile error with a release version that prevents installation. * **C++** - A C++ compilation issue: a compiler warning, syntax issue, or language usage or suggested upgrade. * **CMake** - A build issue with the CMake configuration files. * **CVE** - A security vulnerability bug. * **Documentation** - The project documentation: developer or user guide, web site, project policies, etc. * **Feature Request** - A suggested change or addition of functionality to the library. * **Mac OS** - A build issue specific to Mac OS. * **MinGW** - An issue specific to MinGW * **Modification** - A modification to the code, refactoring or optimization without significant additional behavior * **Needs Info** - Issue is waiting for more information from the submitter. * **Question/Problem/Help** - A request for help or further investigation, possibly just user error or misunderstanding. * **Test Failure** - One of the automated tests is failing, or an analysis tool is reporting problematic behavior. * **TSC** - To be discussed in the technical steering committee. * **Windows** - A build issue specific to Windows * **Won't Fix** - No further action will taken. ## Coding Style #### Formatting When modifying existing code, follow the surrounding formatting conventions so that new or modified code blends in with the current code. * Indent with spaces, never tabs. Each indent level should be 4 spaces. * Function return types go on a separate line: const float & Header::pixelAspectRatio () const { ... } * Use a space between function names and the following parentheses (although you can eliminate the space for functions with no arguments): void Header::insert (const string& name, const Attribute& attribute) { insert (name.c_str(), attribute); } * Place curly braces on their own lines: void RgbaOutputFile::ToYca::padTmpBuf () { for (int i = 0; i < N2; ++i) { _tmpBuf[i] = _tmpBuf[N2]; _tmpBuf[_width + N2 + i] = _tmpBuf[_width + N2 - 2]; } } #### Naming Conventions * In general, classes and template type names should start with upper case and capitalize new words: `class CustomerList;` * In general, local variables should use camelCase. Macros and constants should use `ALL_CAPS`. * Member fields in a class should start with an underscore. No other variables should begin with underscore. #### File conventions C++ implementation should be named `*.cpp`. Headers should be named `.h`. All headers should contain: #pragma once #### Type Conventions Because OpenEXR must deal properly with large images, whose width and/or height approach the maximum allowable in 32-bit signed integers, take special care that integer arithmatic doesn't overlow, and make it as clear as possible exactly what the code is doing, especially in the edge cases. To clarify the intention, prefer to cast between types using ``static_cast<>()`` rather than the basic C-style ``()`` notation: // good: size_t x = static_cast <size_t> (y); // bad: x = (size_t) y; x = size_t (y); Prefer to use ``std::numeric_limits<>`` instead of preprocesser define's such as ``INT_MAX``: // good: if (x > std::numeric_limits<int>::max()) std::cout << "That's too freakin' high.\n"; // bad: if (x > INT_MAX) #### Copyright Notices All new source files should begin with a copyright and license stating: // // SPDX-License-Identifier: BSD-3-Clause // Copyright (c) Contributors to the OpenEXR Project. // #### Third-party libraries Prefer C++11 `std` over boost where possible. Use boost classes you already see in the code base, but check with the project leadership before adding new boost usage. #### Comments and Doxygen Comment philosophy: try to be clear, try to help teach the reader what's going on in your code. Prefer C++ comments (starting line with `//`) rather than C comments (`/* ... */`). For public APIs, use Doxygen-style comments (start with `///`), such as: /// Explanation of a class. Note THREE slashes! /// Also, you need at least two lines like this. If you don't have enough /// for two lines, make one line blank like this: /// class myclass { .... float foo; ///< Doxygen comments on same line look like this } ## Versioning Policy OpenEXR uses [semantic versioning](https://semver.org), which labels each version with three numbers: Major.Minor.Patch, where: * **MAJOR** indicates incompatible API changes * **MINOR** indicates functionality added in a backwards-compatible manner * **PATCH** indicates backwards-compatible bug fixes ## Creating a Release To create a new release from the master branch: 1. Update the release notes in ``CHANGES.md``. Write a high-level summary of the features and improvements. Include the summary in ``CHANGES.md`` and also in the Release comments. Include the log of all changes since the last release, via: git log v2.2.1...v2.3.0 --date=short --pretty=format:"[%s](https://github.com/AcademySoftwareFoundation/openexr/commit/%H) ([%an](@%ae) %ad)" Include diff status via: git diff --stat v2.2.1 2. Create a new release on the GitHub Releases page. 3. Tag the release with name beginning with '``v``', e.g. '``v2.3.0``'. 4. Download and sign the release tarball, as described [here](https://wiki.debian.org/Creating%20signed%20GitHub%20releases), 5. Attach the detached ``.asc`` signature file to the GitHub release as a binary file.